History of Barter System

Trade framework Barter framework is a well established technique that was embraced by individuals to trade their administrations and merchandise. This framework was utilized for quite a long time, before the innovation of cash. Individuals used to trade the merchandise or administrations for different products or administrations consequently. These days, bargain administrations has organized a rebound with the appearance of increasingly advanced strategies that guide exchanging through the Internet. During old occasions, trade framework was a nearby marvel, which included individuals in a similar area. Be that as it may, today deal framework has gotten worldwide. You would now be able to haggle with the contrary party, in regards to the estimation of the thing you need to bargain and the other way around. The benefit of trading is that it doesn't include cash. You can purchase a thing in return for some other thing you current . The bargain framework was probably the soonest type of exchanging. History of trade framework It encouraged trade of products and ventures, as cash was not imagined in those occasions. The historical backdrop of bargaining can be followed back to 6000 BC. It is accepted that bargain framework was presented by the clans of Mesopotamia. This framework was then received by the Phoenicians, who dealt their products to individuals in different urban communities situated over the seas. An improved arrangement of trading was created in Babylonia as well. Individuals used to trade their merchandise for weapons, tea, flavors, and food things. Some of the time, even human skulls were utilized for deal. Another famous thing utilized for trade was salt. Salt was so important around then, that the compensation of Roman warriors was paid in salt. The principle downside of this framework was that there was no standard measures to decide the estimation of merchandise and ventures, and this brought about questions and conflicts. These issues were sifted through with the innovation of cash, yet the deal framework kept on existing in some structure or another. The Europeans began traversing the globe during the Middle Ages and utilized bargain administrations to exchange their products like hides and artworks toward the East, in return of fragrances and silks. Individuals of frontier America needed more cash for business, which was essentially founded on trade administrations. The vast majority of their business comprised of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), black powder gun balls, and so on. They were likewise specialists in trading administrations. In the event that individuals from one family consented to help their neighbors in gathering their yields, the last would help the previous in their undertaking, such as material their structure. The historical backdrop of bargain framework can likewise be connected to the underlying long stretches of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where understudies used to pay their charges as food things, kindling or animals. Bargain administrations got mainstream during the Great Depression during the 1930s', which saw a shortage of cash. The deal framework was utilized as a method of getting things like food and different administrations. The exchanging was done between individuals or through gatherings, who went about as specialists and encouraged outsider bargaining. These gatherings resembled banks, where individuals kept up their records. In the event of offer of any of the things, the record of the proprietor would be credited and the record of the purchaser would be charged. It merits referencing that Adolf Hitler additionally utilized bargain framework to gather cash for subsidizing the war. He was occupied with deal exchanging with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the individuals of Germany also turned to bargaining, as the German money had lost its worth. Trade framework has been being used all through the world for quite a long time. The creation of cash didn't bring about the finish of bargaining administrations. Here and there, money related emergencies energized the restoration of the deal framework, and the present downturn has by and by set a phase for its rebound. Despite the fact that cash is there for exchanging and for business, bargain framework despite everything exists and has gotten progressively solid and sorted out. ly have, however don't need. This kind of exchanging should be possible through trade markets and online sell-offs.

The Making of Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Making of Indonesia - Research Paper Example The realities and legends about Indonesia, a Southeast Asian nation, make it an exceptionally unpredictable topic with its immeasurably differed and dynamic history, legislative issues and social structure. Its worldwide picture, nonetheless, to a limited degree has been characterized by Oriental speculations that in part speak to its actual political, social, verifiable, strict and national angles. The President of the United States enunciated his perspectives, while tending to the understudies of the University of Indonesia: â€Å"The countries of Southeast Asia must reserve the option to decide their own fate, and the United States will unequivocally bolster that right. Be that as it may, the individuals of Southeast Asia must reserve the option to decide their own predetermination as well.† (Obama 2010) The ideas of ‘Orientalism’ and ‘othering’ couldn't have been clarified in better words. The locale of Southeast Asia should have basic issues; and this sort of land cartography speaks to the attitude of the Western countries. The expression, ‘the option to decide their own destiny’ has significant repercussions of hundreds of years of expansionism and government of Southeast Asian nations. This chronicled certainty has so arendered the idea of Orientalism all things considered. As the legacy of Indonesia is differing and unselfish; along these lines, it was normal to disregard certain realities about Indonesia while examining and breaking down its current political, strict and social structures. Islam, being the predominant religion in this nation brings worries up in the West that craving it to turn into a mainstream nation, to its greatest advantage.

Feminism in Macbeth

â€Å"Does Lady Macbeth Act Against the Stereotypes? † Why Lady Macbeth ought to seem powerless when Macbeth is the one to fault for being liable? Women's liberation and the breaking of certain generalizations are the significant topics in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, as indicated fundamentally through the character of Lady Macbeth. From the start she is appeared as a bold lady who is against the generalizations and attempts to get to some male attributes by constraining Macbeth to execute King Duncan, yet she dithers in slaughtering him herself, which uncovers her intrinsic shortcoming as a woman.After the demise of Duncan, she feels a solid blame over the homicide of her husband’s casualties which makes her wiped out and she gets maniacal. Finally, she uncovers her second rate nature as a lady by ending it all which is a proof of her shortcoming and the disappointment of acting against her temperament. Woman Macbeth’s exertion to get to male characterist ics bombs directly after she persuades her better half to submit murder and her sentiment of blame leads her to inevitably end it all, which demonstrates the generalization and woman's rights in the play Macbeth.In this play, one of the significant characters, Lady Macbeth, acts against her tendency as a lady to accept male attributes, so as to turn into the sovereign. At the point when she gets a letter from Macbeth that says he is eager to execute King Duncan, she converses with the spirits in her brain and says: â€Å"Unsex me here/and fill me from the crown to the toe/top loaded with direst remorselessness! † (1. 5. 46-49). Actually she needs the spirits to strip her of her female qualities, make her solid, and let her carry out a wrongdoing without thinking twice about it in the future.With these dim considerations that she has in her brain, she despite everything attempts to act overall quite merciful in people in general, so no one can understand what plans they have. Macbeth additionally likes her to go about as such and he believes that â€Å"False face must conceal what the bogus heart doth know. † (1. 7. 92). He reveals to Lady Macbeth that the face should shroud what the â€Å"false heart† has inside, on the grounds that he knows about Lady Macbeth’s character and he calls attention to it by advising her: â€Å"Bring forward men-youngsters just/for thy unfaltering fortitude ought to compose† (1. 7. 0-81) which shows that he trusts Lady Macbeth doesn't have a legitimate activity as a lady and she just ought to have â€Å"men-children†, which means young men. Her exertion towards having the characteristics of the contrary sexual orientation causes her to do what a lady would not typically do; it encourages her to design a murder and be its explanation. After the stereotype’s been broken, the possibility of ladies being feeble and flimsy comes up through the character of Lady Macbeth by demonstrating he r powerlessness to execute King Duncan and the solid sentiment of blame over the killings which she assists with occurring, and makes her frantic afterward.The second Macbeth goes to her after he kills Duncan, and appears to be remorseful of what he did, Lady Macbeth lets him know: â€Å"Had [Duncan] not looked like/My dad as he dozed, I had done’t† (2. 2. 16-17). She says she couldn't slaughter Duncan herself since he helped her to remember her dad. Consequently her words express the compelling feelings that are still inside her, and are against what she needed to turn into. Directly starting there, she feels the lament. In any event, when she is disclosing to Macbeth that â€Å"A little water frees us from this deed† (2. 2. 85), she feels remorseful about the blood on her hands.She has â€Å"hand of Macbeth’s colors† yet she feels â€Å"shame to wear a heart so white. † (2. 2. 82-83). Sooner or later, the sentiment of being liable causes h er distraught and she starts to feel blood all over her hands, yet they were spotless. In any event, when Gentlewoman carries a specialist to see her, she speaks unknowingly about the passing of Banquo and the way that â€Å"banquo’s covered;/he can't come out on’s grave† (5. 1. 58-59) yet she despite everything feels â€Å"Yet [there] is a spot† (5. 1. 29) of blood. What's more, she additionally feels there â€Å"is the smell of blood still/All the scents of Arabia won't improve [her] little hand† (5. . 46-47). The impacts of relapse and shamefaced cause her to feel uncertain and frantic which give her shortcoming and temperamental character. On the off chance that she could prevail to have men characteristics, she wouldn’t be enduring once she was blameworthy over the wrongdoing. Ultimately, the disappointment of a lady who attempts to break the generalization is appeared by Lady Macbeth’s self destruction. At the point when the spe cialist ingests the disorder and frenzy of Lady Macbeth, he cautions Gentlewoman about her circumstance and advises her to â€Å"look after her/expel from her the methods for all disturbances/and still keep eyes upon her† (5. . 70-72). This is an anticipating that clarifies the reason for Lady Macbeth’s demise later in the play when Seyton goes to Macbeth and says â€Å"The sovereign, my master, is dead. † (5. 5. 16). That is the second when Macbeth understands that her significant other had ended it all and soon he says: She ought to have passed on in the future/There would possess been an energy for such a word/Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow/Creeps in this frivolous pace from everyday/To the last syllable of recorded time. And every one of our yesterdays have lit idiots/The best approach to dusty demise. Out, out, brief flame. /Life’s yet a mobile shadow, a poor player/That swaggers and frets his hour upon the stage,â /And then is heard no more. It is a story/Told by a bonehead, brimming with sound and fierceness,/Signifying nothing. (5. 5. 16-27) Macbeth’s discourse is an impression of his affection for Lady Macbeth and he sees the life is only a story told â€Å"by an idiot†, after Lady Macbeth’s gone. The demise of Lady Macbeth makes his life good for nothing and hopeless.After making a decent attempt for getting the force, abruptly it’s all gone. Picking self destruction for closure Lady Macbeth’s job shows the woman's rights unmistakably, in light of the fact that self destruction has consistently been considered as the activity of someone who is feeble and unfit to deal with the issues that she/he has. In this play, despite the fact that Macbeth carries out the wrongdoing, it’s Lady Macbeth who ends it all and it is a demonstrate of the generalization that ladies are frail, enthusiastic and delicate, both truly and emotionally.Accordingly, In Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth , women's liberation and breaking the generalizations can be considered as the significant topic which is reflected by the character of Lady Macbeth through the play. First she is appeared as a resilient lady and someone who doesn’t trust in generalizations and the thoughts that lady are more vulnerable and delicate, and she attempts to act against her mediocre nature as a lady as she needs the spirits to â€Å"unsex† her. In the other hand, she shows her enthusiastic soul by faltering in executing Duncan and once she understands that she is the significant reasons of the considerable number of murders, she becomes ill and goes mad.The sentiment of being blameworthy and having hands inundated of blood causes her to end it all and end the torment. Clearly Macbeth feels remorseful too however he doesn't ended it all which causes him to appear to be solid and incredible. Since self destruction is continually being known as an issue of shortcoming, giving Lady Macbeth†™s character an end by a self destruction is a solid confirmation of the generalization and women's liberation in this play. Macbeth is the individual who feels remorseful from the main second, so for what reason is Lady Macbeth the person who ought to seem delicate and powerless toward the end?

This is about weapons of mass destruction including anthrax etc...

This is about weapons of mass devastation including Bacillus anthracis and so on... Weapons of Mass DestructionChemical and Biological Warfare, utilization of unsafe or fatal substance or organic specialists as weapons of war. These specialists can slaughter numerous individuals and are viewed as weapons of mass demolition. Synthetic weapons are comprised of harmful substance mixes, while organic weapons are living microorganisms. Poison weapons contain harmful synthetic results of living beings and are at times arranged independently. Substance and natural weapons can cause injury in a few different ways. Most reason injury or passing when breathed in, and some reason injury through contact with skin or through ingestion of polluted food.A concoction or natural assault as a rule includes scattering specialists into the air. This should be possible in different manners, for example, discharging cannons shells that burst in midair, or utilizing planes to shower the operators over a zone. Whenever discharged outside, these kinds of weapons can be influenced by climate conditions. Downpour would diminish the adequacy of the specialists, and wind may spread them in startling directions.Major Tá » ± Ä Ã¡ » ©c Phang was presented to dioxin-cont...In the twentieth century, synthetic compounds were utilized broadly as war zone weapons just in World War I and the Iran-Iraq War. The arrival of the nerve specialist sarin in a Tokyo tram in 1995 was an uncommon fear monger substance assault. The mailing of Bacillus anthracis microbes to government and news media workplaces in the United States in 2001 was an uncommon psychological oppressor organic attack.The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention are the latest universal understandings precluding these kinds of weapons. Both have been marked by numerous nations. By and by, experts fight that following the Iran-Iraq War, more nations started to covertly create synthetic and natural weapons, and the risk of their utilization has gotten more noteworthy. Iraq specifica lly has been blamed for accumulating such weapons, and Iraqi protection from United Nations (UN) weapons examinations in...

A Few Great Topic Ideas for Your School Research Papers

A Few Great Topic Ideas for Your School Research PapersSchool research papers should have a line or two on religion, culture, politics, and perhaps even the current happenings in the society. It is a useful tool for teaching students about current events and trends that affect the society, including current educational issues such as school budgeting, teacher salaries, and school resources.Here are some of the topics and factors to consider when putting together your school research papers. While it's not necessary to list all the issues, the topics you pick should be relevant to the whole school, not just the school's curriculum. It should be thought-provoking and enlightening as well as informative.The recession may mean a decline in the country's or region's economy. It also means that schools are having a difficult time funding themselves. Perhaps you will consider adding a school research paper topic on the rise of private industry. Private industry is starting to take hold of e ducation and this can mean big changes in the school setting, especially because of its adverse impact on the whole society.Current status of sex education in schools could also be a good topic for a school research paper. Nowadays, more schools are opting for teaching children about contraception. Many people consider this a good decision.Some parents believe their children shouldn't be exposed to what they read. This means students should be taught from an early age that reading can sometimes help them avoid certain behaviors. They also believe children should be exposed to TV programs and songs for a few years before they start thinking about drugs. While these issues could be very controversial, they are no less important.Aside from the school itself, some parents may have some concerns about certain topics being used by the school. On the other hand, others believe that topics in a school research paper should not only be applicable in a school environment. Some parents want th eir children to learn about some topics, such as health and food safety, but other parents want their children to be exposed to topics that can lead to controversy. There is a huge variety of topics that can be taught.Before putting together school research papers, it's important to think of how you can discuss the subjects with students, especially the ones who don't understand. Though most students can grasp the information easily, there may be subjects that they have a hard time grasping. You can give examples in your research papers so students can see the relevance. They will certainly thank you for it.

Chinatown Polanski’s Definitive Noir Critique - Literature Essay Samples

Film noir frequently explores the extremes of the American character, illuminating its dark and treacherous capabilities but also its capacity for decency and truth. Although many critics agree that the quintessential period for noirs occurred during the 1940’s and 1950’s, Roman Polanski’s 1974 film Chinatown re-invokes the tradition, functioning â€Å"both as a homage to and a critique of classic noirs† (Graydon 41). Like Raymond Chandler before him, Polanski utilizes the rapidly expanding Los Angeles climate to play out his vision of the ultimate noir: by employing the tradition of the justice-seeking detective who must navigate through the corrupt city and past the femme fatale’s dishonest advances, Polanski highlights the brutality of noir while still providing a modern take on the classic genre.Like so many of the 1940’s and 1950’s film noirs which were set in either Los Angeles, New York, or San Francisco, Chinatown takes place in L.A. in 1937. The city of Los Angeles itself has been an integral component of the genre, especially to the works of Chandler whose detective Phillip Marlowe can often be found on the hunt throughout various parts of the town (Hausladen 49). The urban sprawl has even been described as a â€Å"labyrinth† by author Nicholas Christopher, and as a â€Å"key to entering the psychological and aesthetic framework of the film noir† (Hausladen 48). Polanski takes these concepts to the extreme in Chinatown as his protagonist Jake Gittes is in both a psychological and a physical maze during his investigation of Hollis Mulwray’s death. After Mr. Mulwray’s death, Gittes does some night sleuthing down by the city’s reservoirs, hopping a chain link fence and searching the inside premises for clues. Polanski’s camera captures Gittes’ face behind the fence multiple times during this scene, as the images suggest that the detective’s si ghts and abilities are somewhat limited due to the vast and bare landscape. As Gittes walks through the empty reservoir, his character is often isolated on frame along with the long open channels which appear to be a physical maze—these channels only lead him to more twists and turns, just before they suddenly fill with water to baffle Gittes as he investigates the homicide cases of the victims who have ironically drowned in the middle of a desert drought. The city of L.A. has not only been transformed into both a figurative and literal labyrinth by Polanski, but also â€Å"a city and culture marked by ambiguity, trying to find its identity† (Hausladen 49). The concept of uncertainty is a significant one to Chinatown, as both the detective and the audience often find themselves disoriented throughout the narrative. The history of L.A., its lack of an identity, and the sense of a lingering ‘past’ all combine within the film to contaminate the char acters (Cordaiy 121). The Sydney-based author Hunter Cordaiy explains that â€Å"this sense of ‘past’ is essential to all noir stories (one of the most famous examples is Out of the Past [Jacques Tourner, 1947])† (121). In Polanski’s Chinatown, the past is an invisible, yet felt presence throughout the film: Gittes has had a past incident in L.A.’s Chinatown, and although Evelyn Mulwray inquires as to whether or not a woman Gittes had once loved died there, the absolute truth is never revealed to either her or the audience; Evelyn herself has a horrifying past which she can not escape, being raped by her father Noah Cross at 14 and giving birth to his child which she now must hide and protect; Evelyn’s father Noah Cross and the murdered Hollis Mulwray were once joint owners of the water and electric supply of L.A., and their past connections and history are the driving forces for Gittes’ investigation. With all of Chinatown’s central figures, â€Å"there is a sense that no character will ever ‘escape’ their history or what the city has done to them (Cordaiy 121).While Polanski invokes the tradition of the Los Angeles setting and the ‘sense of past’ to pay homage to the classic noirs, he also primarily does so by having his story revolve around a detective. The screenwriter Robert Towne, who collaborated with Polanski for the script, even admitted that he began the writing process â€Å"with the Philip Marlowe prototype†¦a tarnished knight† (Hausladen 57). But unlike Marlowe and the other detectives of the 1940’s and 1950’s who nearly always appeared to be one-step ahead of the villains while simultaneously being in control of all peripheral situations, Gittes is oblivious to many of his surroundings and the connections between people and events—â€Å"thus, it is a restrained characterization of the old Sam Spade-Philip Marlowe traditionâ₠¬  (Gehring 19). Although Gittes both lives alone and was a past member of the police force like most noir detectives, his character’s abilities to perceive danger and to fend-off those violent threats appear to be significantly weaker than the typical noir detective. In a scene where Polanski makes his cameo, Gittes is apprehended by Polanski’s character â€Å"Man with Knife† and another henchman. Unlike the classic detective who would either overcome the villain’s goons or take the beating (but bare no physical scars afterwards), Polanski’s â€Å"Man with Knife† gruesomely slices a giant slit in Gittes’ left nostril, leaving him vulnerable and bleeding profusely. Throughout the next half of the film, Gittes is forced to sport an over-sized white bandage on his face, now becoming the butt of the jokes rather than displaying the detectives’ normal quick-witted charm. Not only does Gittes appe ar physically weak while wearing the white bandage, but Polanski also strips the detective of his physically masculine and dominate attributes all together. The classical noir detectives dress in scruffy clothing and live in small apartments that represent their independence from both the society and the law (Cordaiy 120); they also tend to have little money and are forced to either exploit clients or take any type of case to secure some capital. Gittes is depicted as exploiting his clients when he sells photos of the supposedly cheating Hollis Mulwray to the local papers, yet â€Å"(he) is immaculately dressed and has a detective agency with a secretary and two operatives† (Cordaiy 120). Instead of appearing tough and independent, Gittes appears sleek, refined, and dependent on his co-workers as he tells Ida Sessions, (the impersonating Evelyn Mulwray), that he is unable to hear her case privately or without the help of his two associates. While Chinatown destroys the no tion of the omniscient detective (Cordaiy 122), it also re-imagines and recasts the role of the femme fatale. The typical femme fatales appear to be figures of pure malevolence—lying, cheating, and killing their way to the top in pursuit of a position of wealth and power. Phyllis Dietrichson in Double Indemnity is perhaps the classic example, but Polanski’s femme fatale is hardly comparable to her in any light. The actions of the classic femme fatale are often prompted by a painful past or an unhealthy relationship with an abusive lover—(Kathie Moffat’s relationship with Whit Sterling in Out of the Past is a prime illustration of this); conceivably, an agonizing past is one of the only things that Polanski’s Evelyn Mulwray has in common with these femmes. Polanski again takes a noir concept to the extreme, using the painful past of the incestuous rape perpetrated by Evelyn’s father to motivate her actions. Not only have these past exper iences instilled psychological damage within Evelyn like so many of the other classic femme fatales, but it has also produced a tangible manifestation of this pain—a child that is both Evelyn’s daughter and sister. Polanski’s film sticks to the tradition of the detective becoming romantically and sexually involved with the femme fatale, but unlike the convention, Evelyn Mulwray does not use the detective’s sexual lust or desires against him. While Phyllis Dietrichson uses sex to seduce and persuade Walter Neff into killing her husband in Double Indemnity, Evelyn Mulwray’s character actually likes Gittes, seeing him as an unfortunate bystander caught-up in her tragic story. Evelyn’s past prompts her to conceal the truth from Gittes, but through her perspective, she sees this as doing him a favor, saying: â€Å"You think you know what you’re dealing with, Mr. Gittes, but you don’t.† Although the detective G ittes is involved in a plot way beyond his recognition, he still pursues in attempting to aid the psychologically wounded Evelyn who functions both as Chinatown’s femme fatale and good girl. In classic noir, the femme fatale must be either apprehended or eliminated, while the good girl must be protected in order to restore balance at the end of the film; but seeing as Evelyn functions as both the femme fatale and the good girl who Gittes attempts to help rescue from her psychotic father, the choice must be made by the story’s conclusion as to whether she will escape or not. The original draft of the script had Evelyn getting away, but Polanski saw to it that it was revised with Evelyn’s tragic death, which he felt would illuminate the depravity of human behavior, commenting: â€Å"When people leave the theatre, they shouldn’t be allowed to think that everything is all right with the world. It isn’t—and very little in life has a nice endi ng† (Gehring 19). Although the good girl and the detective do not escape from the struggle in Chinatown alive or physically and psychologically unscathed, the piece as a whole can be seen as an homage to the classic noirs of the 1940’s and 1950’s. Polanski embraces the form and elements of the noir narrative, from the characters to the landscape on which the drama unfolds, yet he does so under his own terms. Chinatown is filled with ambiguity from the very beginning to the final words of the film, and Polanski re-envisions the classic noir genre without taking anything from it. Instead of the viewer watching the omniscient detective navigate through the corrupted culture and landscape, it is instead â€Å"the audience who must find a way through the maze of plot and deception in order to arrive at the truth† (Cordaiy 120). Works CitedCordaiy, Hunter through a lens, darkly: teaching CHINATOWN. Screen Education 54 (2009): 119-124. Academic Search Comple te. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2009.Gehring, Wes D. Cinemas Dark Side. USA Today Magazine Nov. 2007: 19. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2009.Graydon, Danny. The Rough Guide to Film Noir. London: Rough Guides Ltd, 2007. Print.Hausladen, Gary J., and Paul F. Starrs L.A. Noir. Journal of Cultural Geography 23.1 (2005): 43-69. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2009.

Differences Between Semantics and General Semantics

General semantics is a discipline and/or methodology intended to improve the ways people interact with their environment and with one another, especially through training in the critical use of words and other symbols. The term general semantics was  introduced by Alfred Korzybski in the book  Science and Sanity  (1933). In his Handbook of Semiotics (1995),  Winfried Nà ¶th observes that General Semantics is based on the assumption that historical languages are only inadequate tools for the cognition of reality, are misleading in verbal communication, and may have negative effects on our nervous systems. Semantics vs. General Semantics According to Kodish and Kodish General semantics provides a general theory of evaluation. We can consider what we mean when we refer to this system by comparing it with semantics as people usually use the term. Semantics involves the study of language meanings. For example, when were interested in the word unicorn, what dictionaries say it means and its history of meanings, and what it might refer to, we are involved in semantics. General semantics involves such language concerns, but also involves much broader issues. Using general semantics, were concerned with understanding how we evaluate, with the inner life of each individual, with how each of us experiences and makes sense of our experiences, with how we use language and how language uses us. While were interested in what the word unicorn refers to and how a dictionary might define it, we have more interest in the person using the word, with the kind of evaluating that might lead people to look for unicorns in their back yards. Do they think that they have found some? Do they re-evaluate their search when they dont find any? Do they investigate how they came to be looking for unicorns? How are they experiencing the search? How do they talk about it? How are they experiencing the process of evaluating what has happened? General semantics involves an interrelated set of elements, which, taken together, can help us answer these and similar questions. (Susan Presby Kodish and Bruce I. Kodish, Drive Yourself Sane: Using the Uncommon Sense of General Semantics, 2nd ed. Extensional Publishing, 2001) Korzybski on General Semantics General Semantics turned out to be an empirical natural science of non-elementalistic evaluation, which takes into account the living individual, not divorcing him from his reactions altogether, nor from his neuro-linguistic and neuro-semantic environments, but allocating him in a plenum of some values, no matter what (Alfred Korzybski, preface to the third edition of Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, 1947).Alfred Korzybski (1879-1950), the founder of general semantics, maintained that the structural assumptions implicit in language are of necessity reflected in behavior. . . . Korzybski believed that if, through general semantics, people generally could be trained in the orientations of science in the handling of all their problems (instead of just some of them), many social and personal problems now deemed to be insoluble would prove to be soluble. There is a messianic flavor to Korzybskis writings--a fact which led to the dismis sal of his views in some academic circles. (S.I. Hayakawa, The Use and Misuse of Language. Harper Row, 1962)