History of THe Capital Punishment Essay - 714 Words

The capital punishment, known as the death penalty has been a widely debated topic in America over its constitutionality after being reinstated in 1976. There are two distinct sides in the debate over whether the death penalty is an unjust punishment. The debate spreads over to whether mentally ill and juveniles should be tried as adults and receive the death penalty or if their mental capacity restrains the government from issuing the punishment. Not only that, but the methods used to administer the punishment are also being picked and pried. The death penalty has been occurring in America since the colonial times when settlers came from Europe. At that time, they used hanging as the most common execution method. This persisted until the†¦show more content†¦The court used the public opinion to determine their views on death for raping. Only a few states at that time had allowed death for rapists. The 2008 Kennedy v. Louisiana extened the Coker ruling so that the death penalty could not be issued if the child is still alive after raping. Once again, the court used the public’s opinion in determining this. Only 6 states allowed execution from raping, clearly defining the views against it. In 2002, the court case Ring v. Arizona, the court ruled through the Sixth Amendment that a jury, rather than a judge had the right to issue the capital punishment.The 2006 case of Brown v. Sanders solidified that verdict. The Supreme Court had not taken up an execution method case for 117 years until Baze v. Reese determi ned that the lethal injection was constitutional. These cases narrowed down who the death penalty was constitutional for. Atkins v. Virginia in 2002, the court determined that executing a mentally retarded human is cruel and unconstitutional. Also, in Bobby v. Bies, states had the authority to conduct tests to determine the mentality of a criminal. To protect the rights of juveniles, the 2005 Roger v. Simmons case stated that it was unconstitutional for the state to administer the death penalty for juveniles because of lack of maturity and responsibility (Cornell Law, Death Penalty). Methods for administering the death penalty have also fallen under the anger of critics. The two most common methods of execution, lethalShow MoreRelatedThe History of Capital Punishment1239 Words   |  5 Pagesstatements, and there was no DNA evidence or murder weapon found (Pilkington). How can a man’s life be taken in such an unfair and cruel way? The world should make capital punishment illegal, recognizing it as a moral and ethical mistake, a cruel and misguided injustice, and an impractical and wasteful act. Capital punishment has a complicated history, both worldwide and particularly in the United States. Due to the efforts of human rights groups and evolutions in society, the world has many fewer executionsRead MoreHistory of Capital Punishment in America779 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment, the process by which the government takes the life of an offender for crimes committed against humanity. Capital Punishment also referred to as the â€Å"death penalty† has played a role in the correctional process dating back to 1608 in Jamestown. Over the years the use of Capital Punishment has fluctuated. Like most areas of corrections the death penalty has become reformed and altered to needs of modern day society. Like most controversial issues the majority of people haveRead MoreHistory of Capital Punishment Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Capital Punishment In the history of the world, the punishment for murder, or homicide, has generally been â€Å"the death penalty†. This seems to be the most logical punishment. If someone intentionally kills an innocent human being, why should he be able to live? Or should he? Should he be forced to suffer for the remainder of his life for this terrible crime? There are many arguments and opinions on this topic; many reasons why we should sentence murderers to death, but many reasonsRead More The History of Capital Punishment Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe History of Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crime has been a plague on society from ancient times to present. In response to this plague, society has formed structured rules to deal with the perpetrators of crime. A crime can be defined as act that society’s government deems as illegal. Different societies have formed various methods and standards for evaluating crime and assigning corresponding punishment. What constitutes a crime has changed throughout the course of history. In ancient timesRead More The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment Essay4449 Words   |  18 PagesThe History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment The history of the death penalty goes back to the earliest civilizations where it was used to punish all sorts of crimes from robbery, to murder, to different forms of heresy. In the United States it evolved to just punish murder, treason, and some cases of rape. It has been an issue that has sparked a never ending debate that goes back to colonial times. The general public traditionally supported the death penalty in a majorityRead MoreThe History of Capital Punishment as a Deterrent to Crime Essay2614 Words   |  11 Pagesconcerning capital punishment, or the death penalty. Through the passing of time, our society castigates transgressors with the death penalty. Many nations through time have decided to enact this harsh treatment. In the United States alone, the federal government has persevered to reinforce people to death (Marzillo 10). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Capital Punishment is the execution of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an off ense.† Over the centuries capital punishment has beenRead MoreThe Effects Of Capital Punishment On Society1516 Words   |  7 Pages Capital Punishment Tyra L. Ferguson SYP4514: Patterns of Violence in Society University of Central Florida Introduction Capital punishment was first noted in America in the early 1600’s (â€Å"Part I: History of†, 2014). Much like most of the laws in America, capital punishment was brought here and influenced by European settlers (â€Å"Part I: History of†, 2014). Many crimes that were punishable by death in its infancy in America ranged from stealing fruit to murder. Capital punishmentRead MoreBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). U.S. Department of Justice. 25 Nov. 2014. Web. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics is the United States primary source for criminal justice statistics. The website has published information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the OfficeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Throughout History1074 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of the death penalty throughout history. It begins with a brief explanation of the origins of capital punishment, referencing the first known documentation of actions punishable by death. The paper goes on to explore different methods of execution and how they have progressed and changed over the years. Documented cases at different points of history are referenced to show the relationship of time periods and beliefs to the implementation of capital punishment. Finally, the development of differentRead MoreThe Death Penalt y Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagessystem, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals. Although

Why College Athletes Should Be Paid - 2455 Words

Why College Athletes Should Be Paid, and How The NCAA Can Do That The NCAA and the universities represented by it are now making more money than ever through their athletic programs than ever before. However, due to amateurism regulations set by the NCAA, the college athletes that generate the massive revenue the NCAA receives are not paid at all. The article opens with the argument that college athletes should be paid for their play. The argument is supported through information proving that the NCAA undervalues athletes through the money they generate for their school versus the amount of scholarship money the school provides them with. The article also discusses how the NCAA also prevents athletes from marketing their own image and†¦show more content†¦In fact, collegiate athletes are not permitted to use their own image for personal profit, as it violates the NCAA’s rules on amateurism. Paying college athletes has been debated and argued about for years, with tens ions increasing on both sides. However, one idea remains clear. The NCAA needs to compensate college athletes, and can do so through salaries, compensation for games played, or through endorsement deals. The NCAA is one of the largest sports organizations in the world, representing college athletics through three divisions and over twenty different sports. It is a multi billion dollar business that brings in revenue through ticket sales, television contracts, and sale of memorabilia. However, with none of the profits going towards the athletes themselves, the NCAA is using their students for personal gain within the organization. There are multiple ways the NCAA profits off its athletes, by undervaluing players and giving them less compensation because of it, as well as limiting their opportunities to make money on their own. Critics of compensating college athletes claim that the scholarships the players receive is enough compensation for their play, as well as earning an educatio n. John Thelin of Time Magazine states that since scholarships are not taxed, it becomes a better deal for athletes. He says an athlete with a $65,000 scholarship would be more financiallyShow MoreRelatedwhy college athletes should be paid1388 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Why Collegiate Athletes Should be Paid In our world, people who bring in money with their talents are usually compensated for their efforts. It makes complete sense right? Well for college athletes, they bring in billions of dollars worth of revenue for their school, but do not get compensated for their talents whatsoever. Most people argue that only professional athletes should be paid because it is their profession, but people do not take in account for all the hard work and effort these studentRead MoreWhy College Athletes Should Not Be Paid1301 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2015 Why College Athletes Should Not Be Paid What amount of money should college athletes be paid? This has been a controversial question for many years.Some lower level Division One NCAA athletes think that their scholarships do not pay them enough as it is, and instead they want cash rather than the scholarship. These situations have been taken to court and arbitrated in NCAA hearings. The NCAA, or the National College Athletics Association, has declined for the athletes to be paid a salaryRead MoreWhy College Athletes Should Be Paid1047 Words   |  5 Pagespeople get paid for the service, so why are college athletes not paid for performing a service with their athletic abilities? Almost anyone who is involved with sports, whether it be watching them or playing them, has an opinion on whether or not college athletes should be paid. My opinion on this controversy is that college athletes should be paid. College sports make billions of dollars, so there is definitely room for athletes to payed in some way. There are three mai n reasons as to why I believeRead MoreWhy College Athletes Should Be Paid807 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua Davis Ms. Hammons Junior English 5th Hour 30 march 2017 Why College Athletes Should Be Paid College athletes have much more responsibilities to worry about than pros, and scholarships don t help athletes that much and they often don’t even finish college. The problem is college athletes don t get paid when they have twice the responsibilities of pro athletes. college athletes have to juggle their sport practices and games, being on the road a lot of the time, going to classes everydayRead MoreWhy College Athletes Should NOT be Paid1773 Words   |  8 Pagesstudent-athletes has begun major conversations and arguments nationwide with people expressing their take on it. â€Å"This tension has been going on for years. It has gotten greater now because the magnitude of dollars has gotten really large† (NCAA). I am a student athlete at Nicholls State University and at first thought, I thought it would be a good idea to be able to be paid as a student-athlete.After much research however; I have come to many conclusions why the payment of athletes should not takeRea d MoreWhy Should College Athletes Be Paid767 Words   |  4 PagesThe magnitude of the controversy to pay college athletes has intensified over the past few years. It might be due to the prevailing economic atmosphere causing everyone, including aspiring athletes, to look for new ways to make money. It might also be due to many higher educational facilities giving the public access to their annual budget, causing outsiders to focus on the profit of specific athletic programs. However, it might also be due to the coaches’ outrageous salaries and the money that universitiesRead MoreWhy Should College Athletes Get Paid1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthat professionals get paid for the revenue that they bring in while NCAA athletes do not. It is time for change, college athletes should be monetarily compensated because they are the ones who have made the NCAA profitable for many years. The idea of college athletes getting paid has been at the center of the sports world because there are a variety of opinions surrounding this topic. Raymond G. Schneider pointed out that some agree with the idea of athletes getting paid because coaches are allowedRead MoreWhy College Athletes Should Get Paid1309 Words   |  6 PagesEbeling 1 Austin Ebeling English 115 Why College Athletes Should Get Paid And Why They Shouldn’t November 18, 2014 Ebeling 2 Intro: How much harder would athletes work if they were paid for their performance on the field, track, or court? College athletes are put to the test each and everyday, they risk their health to entertain millions day in and day out. College athletes deserve part of the money due to the revenue they bring in for their schools and for the NCAA, they deserve theRead MoreCollege Athletes: Why They Should be Paid Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesCollege athletics have been incredibly profitable businesses for many years. With the advent of televised sporting events, the profit margin has increased exponentially. The Texas Longhorns’ football program alone grosses 104 million dollars annually (forbes.com). So, where is all that money going? Most of it goes right back to the school. The athletes who practice for endless hours and devote their lives to the sports get nothing but the satisfaction of winning. So, should Division One collegeRead MoreWhy Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay88 8 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Athletes Paid to Play The amount of money made over the past twelve years in football and basketball has increased to about 300%, which helps fund all other sports (Meshefejian). College coaches are receiving a numerous amount of money for what the players are doing out on the court or field. Also, some athletes feel they need to excel more in the sport than in the classroom which can jeopardize their future. Student-athletes have other costs they need to pay for, but they have no time for

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 9 Free Essays

If I Backslide Knowing that if I wear the wrong thing, Veronica will say I have ruined her night – the way she did that one time when I wore Bermuda shorts and sandals to a dress-up dinner – I can’t stop thinking about what I am going to wear to her dinner party, so much that I don’t even remember it’s Friday, and therefore, time to see Dr. Patel, until Mom calls down in the middle of my workout, saying, â€Å"We’re leaving in fifteen minutes. Hit the shower!† In the cloud room, I pick the brown chair. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now We recline, and Cliff says, â€Å"Your mother tells me you’ve had quite a week. Want to talk about it?† So I tell him about Veronica’s dress-up party and how my old dress clothes don’t fit because I have lost so much weight, and I have no swanky clothes other than the shirt my brother has recently given me, and I am pretty stressed out about going to a dinner party and wish I could just spend some time alone with Ronnie lifting weights, so that I would not have to see Veronica, who even Nikki says is a mean person. Dr. Patel nods a few times like he does, and then says, â€Å"Do you like the new shirt your brother gave you? Do you feel comfortable wearing it?† I tell him I absolutely love my new shirt. â€Å"So wear that one to the dress-up dinner, and I’m sure Veronica will like it too.† â€Å"Are you sure?† I ask. â€Å"Because Veronica is really particular about what you should wear to dinner parties.† â€Å"I’m sure,† he says, which makes me feel a whole lot better. â€Å"What about pants?† â€Å"What’s wrong with the pants you have on now?† I look down at the tan khakis my mom purchased for me at the Gap the other day because she says I shouldn’t wear sweatpants to my doctor’s appointments, and even though the pants are not as swanky as my new Eagles jersey, they do look okay, so I shrug and stop worrying about what to wear to Veronica’s dinner party. Cliff tries to get me to talk about Kenny G, but I only close my eyes, hum a single note, and silently count to ten every time he says Mr. G’s name. Then Cliff says he knows that I have been rough with my mother, shaking her in the kitchen and knocking her down in the attic, which makes me really sad because I love my mom so much and she rescued me from the bad place and has even signed all those legal documents – and yet I cannot rightly deny what Cliff has said. My chest heats up with guilt until I can’t take it. Truth be told, I break down and cry – sobbing – for at least five minutes. â€Å"Your mother is risking a lot, because she believes in you.† His words make me cry even harder. â€Å"You want to be a good person, don’t you, Pat?† I nod. I cry. I do want to be a good person. I really do. â€Å"I’m going to up your meds,† Dr. Patel tells me. â€Å"You might feel a little sluggish, but it should help to curb your violent outbursts. You need to know it’s your actions that will make you a good person, not desire. And if you have any more episodes, I might have to recommend that you go back to the neural health facility for more intensive treatments, which – â€Å" â€Å"No. Please. I’ll be good,† I say quickly, knowing that Nikki is less likely to return if I backslide into the bad place. â€Å"Trust me.† â€Å"I do,† Dr. Patel replies with a smile. How to cite The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 9, Essay examples

PICO Analysis Hand-Wash Revisionre

Question : Section 1: Identification of appropriate research designs Give a brief background to set context, and state your question. Using the scholarlyliterature to support your work, answer the following questions. (1)What type of question is this? (2)What is the most suitable research design to answer this question?What ethical considerations that would need to be addressed in order to carry outsuch a study? Section 2: Evaluation of a research article Find an original research article (ie NOT a review) that provides evidence to answer thequestion. Give the full citation for the article first, and then using the scholarly literature tosupport your work, answer the following questions. (1)What is the study design used in the article? (2)What methods did the researcher/s use to collect and analyse their data, and why? (3)What are the key findings of the study? (4)How do these findings help to answer your clinical question, considering yourpopulation and practice setting? Answer : Section 1: Identification of appropriate research design Health care support and knowledge of effective health care practice are two crucial requirements for the wellbeing of the societal health. Similar to the adoption of optimum intervention and treatment regime, it is important to utilize and monitor some of the key requirements in routine practice. Hand washing is one of the effective practices, which is necessary to be followed for effective health restoration of self as well as for the patients to be addressed for effective health care services (Grol 2013, 167). The incorporation of this practice is important for not only the professionals involved in health care practices, but also in the domestic and routine daily life activities. For the purpose of present research, the PICO based approach is aimed in addressing the question, Does hand washing stop infection? (1)The adopted pattern of research in conjunction to the present scope of the report, can be made framed in quantitative approach. Such approach will be based on objective of collective numerical data that can be analyzed using suitable mathematical and statistical methods for finding significance and relevance of the research. It is hence these significant numerical results can be further used to elucidate psychological and relevant noteworthy results. On the other hand, the use of qualitative research is used to collect ideology and views that can be further helpful for prediction and determination of the hypothesis and corresponding inference (Can, 2011, pp.485). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are useful in this regard, as they help in making the results valid, robust and precise for the identification of true positive results. In other words, it can be said that the approach is helpful for the exclusion of false positive results. (2)Use of RCTs in finding the true positive results in conjunction to any research question is important as because it helps in providing predictable, reliable and sufficient results. Furthermore, while accounting of the importance of evidence based research, it is more important to consider the unbiased control study. This not only helps in extracting un-biased information but will also have a provision of including control study. This on the other hand, fetch option towards the ease of comparison and precise way of judgment (Shrank, 2011, pp.546). The concerned question in the present report is to consider the effectiveness and efficacy of hand washing in conjunction to the control and spread of infection. Thus, the group to be considered for the study should be based on a group following regular practice of hand washing, whereas another group not practicing the hand washing practice. Other than this, the individual involved in hand washing practice should be exempted from the cons ideration of this research work. The ethical consideration is based on taking consent for the individuals involved in following the requisite guidelines for the scope of research and that the reliance of research output will be based on their views and inference. Section 2: Evaluation of a research article In conjunction to the present research scope of this report, the concerned prospect is to find out the effectiveness and efficacy of hand washing practice against the prevention of infection. It is hence for the same work, the adopted research article is, Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward (Beggs, 2008, pp. 114). (1)The quantitative type of research work presented by the author in the article is considered in a medical ward of health care setting. More importantly, the impact of hand washing practice was studies in conjunction to infection caused by staphylococcal species. Based on the general indication that the infection by staphylococcal species can be transmitted with the infected hands from the colony formed by the concurrent species. It is hence, the general indication being that without the practice of proper hand washing, there is higher chances of acquired infection with the species. Such impact of imperfect hand washing can be thus revealed with the help of infection, as per the hypothesis of the authors. (2)As discussed in the previous section, the hypothesis for the concern is whether hand-washing practice can be helpful in preventing the infection. With the same hypothesis, the authors have concluded the research for the aim of impact of hand cleaning over the transmission of infection. The grouping of the patients were made by the authors into two parts, one where the members are susceptible with staphylococcus infection and another group where the number of colonized patients are present. The total number of subjects (individuals) under consideration are thus constant throughout the time-period of intervention. Similarly, in another group, one part is individuals not affected with the infection and another part, which are colonized with the infection in temporary terms. The removal rate of the un-colonized patients is thus considered as impact, which also includes removals due to death, transfer to another ward with more severe form of infection and discharge with health recovery. Based on the inference obtained with the help of the experimental results, the numerical terms are not further processed for statistical inference, but are subjected to mathematical modeling. On the contrary, with the help of mathematical modeling, the obtained numerical factors were considered with the help of differential equation. More precise detail of the mathematical modeling and coefficient factors that are used with the help of studies can be obtained and read in the paper. Hence, the final conclusion was made with the help of differential equation, which gives inference, either the infection will be removed or will be acquired even after the hand washing practice. (3)The key finding of the suggested research article, can be said not to be in accordance to the hypothesis of the authors. More accurately, it was revealed with the controlled study, that the effectiveness of hand washing is not probable for the control of the staphylococcus infection. It was found in the that the hand washing in general terms is not an effective control measure, as the transmission being still dynamic in both the groups. Moreover, the return of the infection is also not being controlled. The benefit of hand washing is there as revealed by the authors, but the effect is not more than 20%. The infection state despite of the hand washing, is still dependent on the contact made with the contact made to the infected patients. The complication rate is that was incurred in 40 percent of the colonized patients were also found to be occurring even with the adoption of precise hand washing practice. On the contrary, it was found that ward management, hawthorne effect, and en vironmental contamination was found to be in control with the adoption of such practices. For precisely the deterministic mathematical modeling used for the understanding of the hand washing practice was found to be a hygienic practice, but is not effective for the purpose of prevention of staphylococcus infection. The average prevalence of the staphylococcal infection in hospital ward are not found to be reducing in the course of assessment by the authors. Such inference was derived on the basis of inconsistency in the outbreaks of staphylococcal infection. (4)It can be said that with the help of this study, the authors concluded that simple hand washing practice is not effective in the progression of crucial infection such as by staphylococcus species. Other than this the limitations included within the study, are not being discussed by the authors. These limitations can be attributed to the use of other agents such as disinfectant or alcohol based hand wash agents, or use of medication in the solvent for the hand washing purpose was not being discussed by the authors. Certainly, inclusion of these elements in the study, may have potential to increase the importance and specification for the future course of medication specification. Hand washing in general is an effective practice that should be adopted for the clean and hygienic purpose, that is useful for the effectiveness in health restoration and health management purpose. With respect to the population side, it is useful for the inclusion of criteria such as gastric and respirato ry diseases. Certainly, these things are effective for the avoiding of many of crucial infection such as infection caused by pathogenic stains of E. coli and parasitic infection where spores can be transferred with the help of soil contact. Other than this, cleaning of the hospital ward or domestic area with the help of disinfectant agents or medicated solutions is also important for the communication of disease. In other words, hand washing is an effective process for the health restoration and management, but it is also true that the said practice is not effective in control of all kind of infection. Conclusion : In conclusion, the said report is based on the clinical question for the research, on the assumption, whether the hand washing practice is effective for the control of the infection. The approach for the research is PICO(T) model and will be considered on the population study (Polit Beck, 2013, pp.400). In order to collect the evidence in conjunction to the same study, a research paper was collected and reviewed to understand the hypothesis analysis, understanding of the ideology for carrying out the research and the basic inference of the research work was carried out. More importantly, with the help of literature review, designing of randomized controlled study was also analyzed with the help of this study. Particularly, from this paper, it was revealed that hand washing is not found to be effective for the certain infection, whereas there are many infection especially parasitic one, which can be controlled or prevented with the help of routine hand washing practice. It is hence t he inclusion of such studies for the future scope of research can prove worthy and make sense for the inclusion of such practice in routine health care practices and domestic purpose. Reference: Beggs, CB, Shepherd, SJ, Kerr, KG 2008. Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward. BMC infectious diseases, 8(1), pp.114. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). 2013. Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons, pp.167-189. Can, OS, Yilmaz, AA, Hasdogan, M, Alkaya, F, Turhan, SC, Can, MF, Alanoglu, Z 2011. Has the quality of abstracts for randomised controlled trials improved since the release of Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trial guideline for abstract reporting? A survey of four high-profile anaesthesia journals. European Journal of Anaesthesiology (EJA), 28(7), pp.485-492. Shrank, WH, Patrick, AR, Brookhart, MA 2011. Healthy user and related biases in observational studies of preventive interventions: a primer for physicians. Journal of general internal medicine, 26(5), pp.546-550. Polit, DF, Beck, CT 2013. Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, pp.400-458

Cask Of Amontillado Essays (590 words) - The Cask Of Amontillado

Cask Of Amontillado The Cask of Amontillado The author of The Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe, lets us know in the opening sentence that the character telling the story, Montresor, vows revenge. Montresors target of revenge is Fortunato, but Montresor never specifically says what Fortunato did to him or his family. However, Montresors fear of Fortunato avenging any threat of revenge leads us to believe his plan is well thought out and executed in a very matter of fact way. Seeking this revenge on Fortunato has not made Montresor feel guilty for what he has done. It seems as if revenge is just part of his nature. Throughout the story, it seems as if Montresor has every bit of his revenge on Fortunato planned out. He could not have chosen a better time or place to commit his act of revenge. He knows that during carnival season, or as we know it Mardi Gras, everyone in town will be dressed in a costume with a mask, drinking, and not paying attention to much that is going on outside of the carnival. Montresor knows that Fortunato will be at the carnival and more than likely drinking. Another part of Montresors plan is to use reverse psychology. The story reads, I had told them that I should not return until the morning, and had given them explicit orders not to stir from the house. Montresor says this because he knows that his servants will also want to celebrate at the carnival so if they know he will not be there they will leave. Montresor used this psychology a few times on Fortunato. As Fortunato began to cough heavily, Montresor says, We will go back; your health is preciousyou will be ill, and I cannot be responsible. Besides, there is Luchresi-. Montresor is not at all worried about Fortunatos cough. Montresor chooses wine because he knows that it is something Fortunato is interested in and that he is extremely proud of his knowledge of it. During their discussion, Montresor plays to Fortunatos arrogance by comparing his abilities to Luchresi. Montresor sounds concerned about Fortunatos health up until his final act of revenge. Montresors family crest is a human foot crushing a serpent. The family motto reads, No one challenges me with impunity. This translates into Montresor being the human foot that is crushing Fortunato. Montresor did not let Fortunato get away with whatever insult he gave to him. This is what makes revenge part of Montresors nature. If this were what he believes in, then of course he would not feel guilty about it. Montresor says to Fortunato, You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy as I once was. This could lead a reader to believe that Montresor killed Fortunato because it made him feel more powerful. That may have been what made him happy. Perhaps that is why he took his precious time putting the last stone in the wall. He was enjoying what he had done. Montresors well-planned and executed act of revenge still sounds so matter of fact some fifty years later as he is telling his story to someone. As he is finishing the story, he points out that no one has run across the rock walled tomb where he left Fortunato. Montresor does not seem to convey any guilt as he finishes his story with, May he rest in peace! English Essays

How to Get a Corrected Social Security Card

How to Get a Corrected Social Security Card By law, your Social Security card must show your current legal name. If you legally change your name because of marriage, divorce, court order or any other legal reason, you must inform Social Security as soon as possible so they can issue you a corrected Social Security card. Fast Facts Federal law requires that Social Security cards display the cardholder’s current and correct legal name.In the event of a name change resulting from marriage, divorce, court order or any other legal reason, the cardholder must notify the Social Security Administration as soon as possible and apply for a corrected Social Security card.Applications for a corrected Social Security card cannot be submitted online. Applications may only be submitted at a Social Security field office or by conventional mail.There is no charge connected with applying for a corrected Social Security card. Failure to inform Social Security of your name change could cost you money by delaying your tax refunds and preventing your wages from being added to your Social Security account record, which could reduce your future Social Security benefits. There is no charge for getting a corrected Social Security card, however, because of the documentation you  must provide, you cannot apply for one online. Apply To get a corrected Social Security card, you need to: Download and print out a Form SS-5 – Application for Social Security Card.Fill out the application and assemble the required proof of identity documents (see below).Take or mail the application and all required documents to your local Social Security office. Documents Serving as Proof of a Legal Name Change You will need proof of your current legal name. In some cases, you may also need to show proof of your current U.S. citizenship or legal permanent resident (green card) status. Documents Social Security will accept as proof of a legal name change include original or certified copies of: Marriage licenses;Divorce decrees;Certificates of naturalization showing a new name; orCourt orders for a name change. Note: All documents submitted must be either originals or copies certified by the agency issuing them. Social Security will not accept photocopies or notarized copies of documents. A â€Å"certified† copy of a document will typically have a raised, embossed, impressed, or multicolored seal placed on the document by the issuing agency. Some agencies will offer a choice of certified or non-certified copies and may charge an extra fee for certified copies. When needed for Social Security purposes, always request a certified copy. If Your Documents Are Too Old It is important that you notify Social Security of your name change as soon as possible. If you legally changed your name more than two years before applying for a corrected Social Security card, or if the documents you provide do not give enough information to fully identify you, you may also be required to provide two additional identifying documents including: At least one document showing your old name; andA second document with your new legal name. Proof of Citizenship If Social Security tells you that you need to prove your status as a U.S. citizen, they will accept only an original or certified copy of your U.S. birth certificate or U.S. passport. Foreign-born citizens, including naturalized citizens and immigrants with legal permanent resident status, may be allowed to use: Certificate of NaturalizationCertificate of CitizenshipCertificate of Report of BirthConsular Report of Birth Abroad Proving Your Identity If you do need to provide Social Security with further proof of your identity, they will accept only current documents showing your current legal name, date of birth or age, and a recent photograph. Examples of such documents include: U.S. drivers license;State-issued identification card; orU.S. passport. If you do not have any of those documents, Social Security might accept other documents, such as: Employee identification card;School identification card;Health insurance card (other than a Medicare card); orU.S. military identification card. Your Number Will Not Change Your corrected Social Security card – which will be mailed to you will have the same Social Security number as your old card but will show your new name. Protect Your Social Security Number Speaking of Social Security numbers, they are the main thing identity thieves need to rob you blind. As result, Social Security has long advised that it is rarely necessary to show anybody your Social Security card. â€Å"Do not carry your card with you. Keep it in a safe place with your other important papers,† advises the Social Security Administration.

South Korea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South Korea - Research Paper Example In any country, the daily life of people is guided by cultural practices and believes. In South Korea the daily lives of the South Korean people is guide by Century-old Confucian principles. These principles include among others dedication to hard work and a devotion to family and society. Another unique cultural aspect of the South Korean Society is the use of both the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar. The Lunar calendar, with its ties to the land and awareness of changing of seasons assist them in identifying seasons and activities of those seasons. Unlike other societies, their festivals and holidays are based on the lunar calendar so it is advisable that one take necessary measures when planning a visit to this country (Lee 13). According to Lee (13), another part of Confucianism deeply practiced among the South Koreans is the idea of the patriarchic system that regards fathers as the most responsible members of the family and gives elders very much honor. In addition, i n this kind of system, the fathers can only undertake certain activities of the society and in most cases; the father is expected to lead in everything a family does. The problem with such a system is when the father turns to be irresponsible or he is not there at all. These can lead to some of the important family activities failing. In addition, Lee (13) states that the most predominant traditional festival among the South Koreans is the traditional Jesa. This is a ceremony organized to honor the ancestors. In South Korea rice is the most popular food in South Korea, taken as the main dish at almost every meal. Other parts of the meals may include vegetables, soups, fish, and meat. The most common food among the South Koreans is kuk (soup) and chim (stew) made with vegetables, rice, and meat. In addition to this, they also eat kimch’i. This is a spicy, pickled vegetable dish, which is served with other dishes (Davis 13). Changing from a developing to a developed nation has resulted in the change of the diet of the South Koreas. These changes include the importation of beef that has encouraged meat eating and the availability Americans’ food such as bread, dairy foods, baked goods and fast foods (Drago and Goody 150). Therefore, no one visiting South Korea should be afraid of the issue of food. Like the Chinese, the South Koreans have the culture of using chopsticks to eat instead of the cutlery used by the Western countries (Davis 13). It is important to note that some in-depth South Korean issues can be of interest to us. Some of these issues include ceramics, paintings, sculptures, Architecture, and religion. In this case, I will discuss the issue of religion. This does not mean that other issues are trivial; they are equally important as they are rooted to this community and have been practiced for years. They have also been developing from generation to generation. There are various religions practiced in the country of South Korea. Accordi ng to Clark (29), these religions are in three main categories, which include established religions, newly raising religions and the popular religion. Established religions include Buddhism, Christianity, newly rising religion include unification of churches, and the popular religion include shamanism (Clark 29). The oldest religions in South Korea are ideas, shamanism, and animism. In these kinds of religion, adherence

The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base Essay

The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base - Essay Example The essay "The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base" concerns the fashion industry and the question of exploitation. At eleven for a child to be doing this instead of schooling is a most despicable thought; however we also need to look at this situation through young Mantheesh’s eyes, for her this work brings home Rs. 40 or 60p per day; much better than what she could’ve done in her native war torn Sri Lanka or in some refugee camp in India. These 60p are better than anything else that life has doled out to her so far, her only hope, and when the protest over the unfairness of child labour reaches this young child; neither does she understand the debate nor does she feel that its fair for people to take away from her the last modicum of hope that this job allows her. These are the questions that this essay will attempt to answer. Let’s start by peeping into the conditions of child labour. According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million child ren aged 5 to 17 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. In terms of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. Sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North Africa with 13.4 million, or 6 per cen. Some of the countries are India.... In terms of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. Sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North Africa with 13.4 million, or 6 per cent ( ILO, 5.1.2008). Some of the countries which are battling this issue are India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Nepal, Malawi, Kenya, Zimbabwe,( Andvig, J.C. 5.1.2009) ( IPEC, 5.1.2009) Tanzania, Ethiopia Morocco, Egypt, Brazil, Argentina. The fact that most of these countries are developing nations is where the similarity ends, on one hand we have a country like Ethiopia teetering on the brinks of a civil war and on the other we have a India touted to be the economic super power of the next generation; yet both countries haven't been able to curb the rampant flouting of child labour laws. So can we safely conclude that child labour is only a problem of developing countries Not really, even the United States has its own issue of child farm workers (AFT, 5.1.2009). In order to take a closer look at this problem, we need to first understand it. "Child labor" is, generally speaking, work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally, or by blocking access to education). BUT: There is no universally accepted definition of "child labor". Varying definitions of the term are used by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and other interest groups. Writers and speakers don't always specify what definition they are using, and that often

Strategic Management and Business Policy(tenth edition) by Thomas L Essay

Strategic Management and Business Policy(tenth edition) by Thomas L. Wheelen and J. David Hunger (senior in college) MGT485 - Essay Example The Wallace Group is devoid of the vision for the future and is proving not to be a learning organization. According to Wheelen & Hunger, â€Å"organizational learning is a critical component of competitiveness in a dynamic environment† (2006, p. 9). The Wallace Group lacks a vibrant human resource management apparatus that can articulate the changes necessitated to accommodate the growth needs and prospects, efficiently. In order to exploit the opportunities offered by the existing scenario in the best possible manner and to manage the challenges proficiently, there are a number of recommendations. First of all the Wallace Group is required to re-orientate its approach to handle the growing needs of the organization. This re-orientation will involve a major adjustment in the personal management style of Mr. Wallace, his priorities, vision, and future objectives for growth of the company. Mr. Wallace will need to make changes in the organizational structure of the Group to create a conducive environment for a motivated and diversified workforce. To cater for the rapid decision making requirements, middle managers of the company are necessitated to be empowered. Mr. Wallace is hence required to delegate more of his authority. The major organizational changes would involve formulation of a corporate governance policy that will include a board of directors. The board will be responsible for devising str ategies, direction, vision, hire/fire top management, monitor and supervise top management, oversee the use of resources, and care for shareholders’ interests (Wheelen & Hunger, 2006, pp. 36-37). Another important recommendation is to open a reliable and smooth channel of communication. This will ensure feedback of employees and customers reaching the top management without much hitches. In educating the managers to manage an organization as it evolves over time from an entrepreneurial

Limitations of Qualitative Research

Limitations of Qualitative Research Discuss The Strengths And Limitations Of Quantitative And Qualitative Data In Supporting Knowledge Claims In The Human Sciences And At Least One Other Area Of Knowledge. Theres no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0†(Fred Kerlinger) All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding(Donald Campbell) Based on what Kerlinger and Campbell said, we can see different angle of views on quantitative data and qualitative data. From Kerlinger points of view, he rejected qualitative data totally but Donald in the other hand said that the basic of all research is qualitative data. One question arises is why do this two contradict views occurred? Before answering the question, a depth understanding on how this two data works should be done at the first place. When we think about quantitative data, immediately our powerful photographic memories will recall everything that deals with numbers such as height, weight and many more. When the word qualitative data comes across our mind, we will think about something which are descriptive such as colours, beauty and so on. Qualitative data can be obtained by the qualitative research which may save the researcher from making inappropriate assumptions as they proceed to design another stage of their work. What is the significant of this two data in human lives? Basically, quantitative data and qualitative data information are evidence to support ones claim. Without the existence of this two data, the validity of a research is unacceptable because of there are no evidence to support the claims. By using our common sense, ask ourselves, can we immediately believe something is said to be true without any supporting data? The answer is exactly no. To answer the first question, the contradiction of views occur is due to the strengths and limitations of both data. Therefore, to get a clear view on how do these quantitative and qualitative data are used as the supporting evidence, we shall discuss in this in the perspective of human science. Human science is about same universal principles, processes and patterns govern and underlie human activities in different fields such as psychology, social and cultural anthropology, economic and many more. Dealing with human being is never going to be an easy task because human are very complex. The complexities of the human being has lead to the a new branch of science which is human science in order to study the behavior of human. One of the behavior that is crucial to be passed on from one generation to other generation of human being is politeness. Reader Digest has came out with a ranking of the most courteous to the least courteous city in the its January 2008 article. New York city, USA was crowned to be the most courteous. On what basis does Readers Digest magazine came out with this ranking ? To establish this ranking, Readers Digest magazine team has set up a test called Politeness Test to prove the truth behind a statement made by Lynne Truss, an author of bestselling book â€Å"Talk to the Hand† which was 70 percent of US people are ruder now than they were 20 years ago. To measure politeness of a human being is a challenging task. However, there is always a way to measure it. The simplest way to measure this is by naturalistic observational method. To apply this method, the reporter of the Readers Digest magazine had set up three tests and one of them was â€Å"document drops† (who would help them retrieve a pile of â€Å"accidently† dropped papers) For consistency, Starbucks Coffee shop was chosen to be the venue of the test. By observing the behavior of the New Yorkers who entered the coffee shop, many perceptions were made by the reporters. For example, people who was willing to pick up the â€Å"accidently † dropped document was conside red as people who had courtesy. The question is, to what extent this qualitative data obtained from the naturalistic observation method is sufficient enough to establish the ranking? The qualitative data is valid because the biggest strength of the method is it shows realistic situation. The realism of qualitative data can be obtained because the observer cannot easily change or introduce a new stimuli into the situation. However, the major weakness of this method is the risk of biasness of the observer. During the observation, the reporter of Readers Digest magazine might be influenced by emotion when observing the rudeness of people. Therefore, this will lead to the inability to draw a correct conclusion of the observation. However, in order to make the politeness test more valid, we need a set of quantitative data to support the qualitative data. The quantitative data can be obtained by establishing a corelational research. This research is structured by introducing two variables and how they interrelated. Therefore a statistical model is carried out to prove the relation between two variables. For example, let the variables be â€Å" number of who lift up the file† and â€Å" the level of courtesy† and test whether they are independent or dependent for each sample taken from a sample population of New Yorkers. The statistics data in forms of percentage will give a strong base to support the Readers Digest Politeness Test. Since politeness is a very subjective matter, this quantitative data also cannot stand alone. Hence both data are needed in supporting this claim. 2008 is the year where economic crisis hit the world. The developed countries were facing hard times because of the many business had to shut down because of the stagnant falling of demand since people controlled the expenses. In the economy cycle, the economist predicted that recession will hit for eleven months in ten years. However, this prediction is inaccurate because recent recession hit economy only in five months. This occur because economist also is in anticipation and future is uncertainties. During economic recession, exports and imports of business are slowed down and the country will experience high rate of unemployment. For the poor country, the recession gave a big impact such as increase in the rate of poverty since many  labors were dismissed. From physicality aspect, we can observe how thin the people in the poor country when economic recession hits the world. However, this qualitative data is not enough to support the economy recession. Therefore, in order to make the claim more firm, quantitative data must be obtained from example, correlation method where two variables which are demand and supply are used. The correlation between both variables shows a clear picture of the worlds economy. The lower the demand, the lower the supply implies that demand is directly proportional supply. This will lead to reasoning part to explain why the demand is falling or rising. So things will fall in the right place the cause has been justified by reasoning. Nowadays, we have seen the emergence of the personality test on the net. Most of the current personality theories concern on the identification and measurement of the specific personality. (Zuckerman, Eysenck , Eysenck 1978 ). Lets look at personality test which is more valid. For example, Dr Campbell, a researcher on the human behavior from University of Michigan carried out a personality research which ion introversion and extroversion. People might say it is easy to distinguish those who are introverts and extroverts based on the way they communicate with the society. Yes, it is true that we can distinguish the introverts and extroverts by observing their communication skill, confidence level, the way they walk and so on. People can easily percept others based on their attitude and this kind of attitude is taken as qualitative data .Again, there might be biasness in judging people. Therefore, Dr Campbell used theoretical treatments of introversion and extroversion in order to support the qualitative data. He applied the corelational method. He came out with two variables â€Å" introversion/extroversion† and â€Å"experience seeking†. A sample of his college students were given a personality scale wish measures the relationship of the variables. According to the theory, extroverts should seek for outside stimulation whilst the introverts seek the inner stimulation. To visualize the relationships, he used Eysenck Personality Inventory and Zuckermans sensation seeking scales in order to plot the data. From there, a quantitative data can be obtained to distinguish to support the qualitative data. However, the test is too objective and there might be possibilities that the sample of college students did not do the test seriously. Art demands a critical thinking in order for us not to be easily swept away along unthinkingly into its pleasures or reject it as a knowledge . In creating the feelings and beliefs, the arts certainly do not avoid knowledge claims. For example, Leonardos famous Vitruvian man drawing represents standard physicality of a human being. What is meant by standard physicality of human being? From observation method, we know a normal human being will have two hands, two legs a head and so forth. Human being is a unique creature and hence we have to explore the entire human being by using our critical and creative thinking. This Vitruvian  man drawing has all characteristics of a normal human being. This contributes to the qualitative data. Different human being has different lengths of hands, legs and so on. Does this reason enough to prove the uniqueness of a human being? Leonardo Da Vinci was the first person who look the uniqueness of from different angle. The Vitruvian man drawing portrays the standard proportion of human body. It was the version produced by Leonardo Da Vinci, who has a vast knowledge of both anatomy and geometry made him uniquely suited to the task. Leonardos famous drawings of the Vitruvian proportions of a mans body first standing inscribed in a square and then with feet and arms outspread inscribed in a circle . By using logic ,he provides the simplest illustrations on shifting the â€Å"center of the magnitude† without a corresponding change of the â€Å"centre of the normal gravity†. This remains passing through the central line from the pit of the throat through the umbilicus and pubis between the legs. Leonardo repeatedly distinguishes these two different ‘centers of a body, which is the centers of ‘magnitude and ‘gravity (Keele 252).† The fundamental measure of 24 palms comes directly from Vitruvius definition of human height being 4 cubits or 24 palms. This quantitative data is a strong evidence to support the claim that human beings are unique. Sometimes the art themselves are not the truth but it leads us to the truth. Dancing is a part of art. It is indisputable dancing has its way of brightening up the persons day. From the aspect of health, dancing gives a significant impact in reducing stress and depression. For example, a person enters a dancing studio after facing a problem will have a brighter smile after going out of the studio. To determine whether our perception is true, we can carry out an interview in order to obtain self report from that particular person. Many questions can be asked such as â€Å"how do you feel after dancing?†and so forth. From his response, we come out with perception that he is stress free. However, this method is going to give us a weak qualitative data in order to support the claim. The interviewer might be bias during the interview session. Therefore, to justify the claim that dancing contributes in reducing stress and depression, an experiment can be carried out. The strength of the method is we have full authority in controlling our variables. For example, our variable is â€Å"number of dance† and â€Å"the number of anti depressant pills taken†. First of all, a sample of people who come problematic background has to be chosen. The hypothesis is, the greater number of dancing, the lower number anti depressant pills are being consumed. A statistical data can be obtained to support the claim. Hence, the validity of the of the claim saying that dancing can reduce stress is justifiable. Based on the justification above, I concluded that qualitative data and quantitative data play important roles on supporting the knowledge claims in human science and art. Some of the claims required both qualitative and quantitative data in order to support the claims. Although both of data have their own strengths and limitations, they are complementary each other in order to justify the every single things and events that occurs in our lives. I respect both views from Fred Kerlinger and Donald Campbell because both of the views are correct and applicable in our daily lives. There is no right or wrong on both views. It depends on situation in order to use qualitative data or quantitative data to support our knowledge claims. References writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/observe/com2d3.cfm â€Å" Qualitative vs Quantitative Research† writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/observe/com2d3.cfm â€Å" Qualitative vs Quantitative Research† Toby Murcott ; â€Å"Alternative medicine on trial?†;2005;New York;Macmillan;(page 97) www.rd.com/living-healthy/good/article27599-2.html Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page 30) www.rd.com/living-healthy/good/article27599-2.html Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page30) Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page30) Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page 28) Economics Course Companion Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page 20) Richard S.Lehman;†Statistic Design in the Behavioral Sciences†1991;Wadsworth Publishing Company,California(page 20) Theory of Knowledge Course companion http://leonardodavinci.stanford.edu/submissions/clabaugh/history/leonardo.html http://leonardodavinci.stanford.edu/submissions/clabaugh/history/leonardo.html http://www.aiwaz.net/vitruvian-man/a6

Essay --

They say it is better to be poor and happy than rich and miserable, but how about a compromise like moderately rich and moody?† – Princess Diana Diana Frances Spencer was born July 1, 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk, United Kingdom. (Story) Diana was the youngest of John Spencer and Frances Shand Kydd’s children. Elizabeth Sarah Lavinia, was born 1955, now known as Lady Sarah McCorquodale. Cynthia Jane, was born 1957, now Lady Fellowes. John, who died ten hours after birth in 1960, and Charles Edward Maurice, born 1964, currently the ninth Earl of Spencer. The family lived in Park House on the Sandringham estate. She was born into an aristocratic family with Royal blood in the ancestry. (Coggins) When Diana was age six the Spencer’s marriage ended in a divorce which resulted in a complicated custody battle. Her father, the eighth Earl of Spencer raised Diana. (Pettinger) He eventually remarried Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, novelist, Barbara Cartland’s daughter. (Coggins) Diana, along with the rest of her siblings didn’t get along with her stepmother. Diana’s mother eventually m arried Peter Shand-Kydd, becoming The Honorable Mrs. Frances Shand-Kydd. The couple went to live on the island of Seil, Scotland. Diana first attended a preparatory school in Riddlesworth Hall at Diss, Norfolk and a boarding school in West Heath Sevenoaks, Kent. (Story) Diana wasn’t a particularly smart student. She failed all of her O-levels twice and later dropped out at the age of sixteen. She had talents in music, dancing, and domestic science. (Story) She was eventually awarded maximum help to school and school peers. She finished her schooling at Institut Alpin Videmanette in Rougemont, Switzerland. (Story) After Diana left school, she mo... ...ning of Diana’s death. In an unprecedented gesture, she announced the Union Jack would fly at half-mast at Buckingham Palace. It only took forty-five minutes for the Queen to completely reinvent her role in Diana’s ending. She went from being invisible, to being the very center of a large farewell drama to the kingdom’s beloved Princess. She was very annoyed when the press reported her new approachability was perhaps the â€Å"Diana effect.† As brief as this young woman’s life had been here on this earth, she had managed to touch so many people. She brought changes to people lives for the better. Diana was indeed a â€Å"Queen of the people’s hearts!† â€Å"Princess Diana, your heart of sympathy covers the length and breadth of the world. There shall come a time when the entire world will value you most sincerely, most lovingly and most wholeheartedly." – Sri Chinmoy (Pettinger)

Northern Colonies vs. Southern Colonies Essay

From the first settlement founded in the 1600’s, the British colonies were a varied mix of communities that grew to distinct civilizations in the 17th and 18th centuries. Queen Elizabeth helped drive the colonization of Jamestown in 1607 and ultimately the creation of other Southern colonies to help Britain’s economy flourish. In contrast, James I, Elizabeth’s successor, spurred the settlement of the Northern colonies for religious reasons when he â€Å"vowed to purge England of all radical Protestant reformers† (Davidson, et al 85). When the Pilgrims sailed the Mayflower in 1620, an error in navigation led them far north to New England, rather than the South. A second wave of Puritans led to the formation of the Massachusetts Bay colony and the growth of other Northern colonies. While the early settlers were all looking for new experiences, different types of people populated the Northern and Southern colonies. Although the two regions in the 17th and 18t h centuries may appear to be similar on the surface, there are many obvious differences in economy, treatment of Natives, and stability, stemming from the reasons they were founded in the first place. While the colonies differed in their economies and the reasons they were settled in the first place, they all benefited from â€Å"benign neglect† from Britain during much of the 17th and 18th centuries. Benign neglect was Britain’s policy of non-interference with the colonies (Davidson, et al 128). Britain was busy dealing with its own government issues and change in rulers and did not have the time to strictly administer the colonies. Because of this, both the Northern and Southern colonies flourished economically and established a relatively stable way of life. In addition, the first Colonial settlers and their descendents shared a desire for a better life, whether it was for land, money, or religious freedom. Without this benign neglect from Britain, the colonies may have never been able to prosper and set the stage for the new world the way they did. Despite a similar determination to thrive in a new world, the Northern and Southern colonies differed substantially in their economies. The Southern colonies included Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas and were largely founded for profit. Because of the warm climate and fertile soil, the Southern colonies were perfect for the growth of staple crops, ranging from tobacco, rice, and sugar. A planter, â€Å"[John] Rolfe, had been obsessed with  finding a crop that could be grown in Virginia and then sold for gain across the sea. When he succeeded by growing tobacco, other English followed his lead† (Davidson, et al 53). Tobacco growth was critical for the Southern economy to succeed. But, as these crops began to prosper and England demanded more, â€Å"many of Jamestown’s colonists had little taste for labor† (Davidson, et al 59). The sudden need for cheap labor led to the reliance on slavery, which would dominate the Southern economy and way of life for many years to come. In the late 1600’s, farmers began to invest in slavery rather than white servants because they would get more years out of the slaves, and also gain title to their children (Davidson, et al 63). New laws made it nearly impossible for white Masters to free slaves, further solidifying slavery in the South. In contrast, the Northern colonies had a more industrial economy. The Northern colonies consisted of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Almost every male settler in the North owned property, so small farms were, in fact, established across New England and the Mid Atlantic colonies (Davidson, et al 89). But unlike the South, the crops grown from these farms were not for capital, but rather for feeding the families. The soil in the North was too rocky and the climate was too unstable to have a promising agricultural industry. Many early colonists described the land as â€Å"rockbound and rugged†¦ long winters of numbing cold melted into short summers of steamy heat† (Davidson, et al 85). Also, because agriculture was limited, the need for slavery did not exist. â€Å"With little hope of prospering through commercial agriculture, New England farmers had no incentive to import large numbers of servants a nd slaves or to create large plantations† (Davidson, et al 89). Instead, they traded fur with the Indians and established major harbors in Boston and Philadelphia for international trading. Shipbuilding and fishing also dominated port cities, such as Boston. â€Å"Boston’s merchants sent fish to the Caribbean and Catholic Europe† (Davidson, et al 118). As a result of different land and climates in the North and South, their economies differed, affecting many more aspects of the colonies as well. The Indians were the original settlers in the colonies as well as the rest of what would become America. As both the Southern and Northern settlers arrived in the New World, they took vastly different approaches in their treatment of the natives. Neither  region treated the Indians ideally. When Captain John Smith sailed to Chesapeake, many of his settlers were hungry and, â€Å"he bullied the Indians for food and would have enslaved them if it had been in his power† (Davidson, et al 52). It is hard to imagine that the early settlers took the Indians’ land, but in addition, bullied them to receive food. To take the Southern treatment of Indians to an extreme, the Carolinas traded the Indians themselves as slaves. The Carolinas needed cheap labor to grow their cash crops, but they could not afford African slaves. To fund this venture, the Carolinas resold enslaved Indians they traded goods for with other Indian tribes (Davidson, et al 70). The Carolinas treated Indians like they were a commodity, rather than as human beings, all in the name of funding an even greater evil: slavery. Although the Northern Colonists were involved in a number of conflicts with the natives, they were not nearly as cruel as the South ern Colonists. John Eliot, a Puritan leader, for example, helped set up a school within Harvard, to help Indians learn English and culture (Davidson, et al 94). Although this didn’t help the Indians grow as a tribe, it did not drive them away from the Colonists and made them feel more like a community. The Northern colonies also needed help from the Indians to survive the harsh winters, so treating them well was important. In Pennsylvania, the Quakers coexisted peacefully with the Lenni Lenapes, another Indian tribe. â€Å"Before [William] Penn sold any land to colonists, he purchased it from the Indians (Davidson, et al 96). Because the Quakers settled in Pennsylvania for religious freedom, not profit, keeping peace with the Indians was part of their way of life. In short, the treatment of Indians reflected the reasons the two regions settled in America. The stability of the colonies also varied by region. The Northern colonies were significantly more stable than the Southern colonies for a variety of reasons. In the North, their settlements were closer together, creating more order and stability in their â€Å"tightly knit† communities.â€Å"The†¦ [Northern] colonists lived to an average age of 70, nearly twice as long as Virginians† (Davidson, et al 89). The population in the North also increased naturally, whereas in the South, it was artificially increased by the import of African slaves. â€Å"By 1740, 40% of all Virginians were black† (Davidson, et al 67). Also, because of the higher life expectancy in the North, families were stronger. About 90% of children in the North reached adulthood, and unlike  the Chesapeake, most parents were able to survive and provide for their family (Davidson, et al 89). In the Chesapeake region, there were few churches whereas in the North, community life centered around churches, contributing further to a more stable society, which would help the Northerners in the long run. Although the Northern and Southern colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries shared some similarities, they were, in fact, separate and distinct civilizations. The colonies varied drastically in their economies, treatment of the native people, and their stability, mainly because their reasons for settling in the New World were different as well. The Southern colonies were established primarily for profit. The Northerners were looking to break free from Catholic Britain and have freedom of religion in the New World. The unplanned arrival in Plymouth, rather than the South, contributed even more to how different the two regions really were, based on geography. These differences, while distinct early on, ultimately led to much bigger conflicts in America, almost destroying it altogether.

History of Sexuality essays

History of Sexuality essays As you may well know and as I have recently discovered, there are endless publications concerning themselves with sex. However, finding sources that deal with the subject of masturbation are few and far in between. I first began by gaining access to the Internet to begin my research under the notion that I couldnt go wrong using a tool containing such a wealth of information. After having initiated a search of the word "masturbation" and finding that nearly all of the results directed me to sites dedicated to pornography, it became obvious that I was heading in the wrong direction. I then decided to take the more traditional route by utilizing the San Francisco State University Library and Bookstore, where after much mental strain, I was able to successfully conduct a thorough research of the topic. However, much of the text I was able to find, seem to quote each other, all stemming from the works of just a few scholars from centuries past. Very little "new" ground seems to be covered, and it is almost impossible to find anything that didnt either make me yawn, or that offered me a fresh or interesting perspective. As a result, I have taken what I feel to be the most beneficial and engaging segments from the sources that I have gathered and pieced them together to create this report: The Criminal History of Masturbation. Hopefully, what little information I was able to find will be of interest to those of you who already consider yourselves experts on the subject. Masturbation, as you might suspect, is a purely solitary form of sexual behavior, and as such can tend to be regarded as even more personal and intimate than sex itself. As such, it gains a status as a taboo subject, even among people like myself who consider themselves among the sexually liberated. But, these attitudes concerning masturbation are quite recent, shifting considerably in the last 50 years or so. Historically, masturbation was not a subj...

International Business and Foreign Market Entry Essay Example

International Business and Foreign Market Entry Essay Example International Business and Foreign Market Entry Essay International Business and Foreign Market Entry Essay INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT College of Business Administration Chung-Ang University Fall 2010 MW: 01:30 02:45 ( 404) Instructor: Dr. Changbum Choi Office:14th floor Business Administration Building Telephone:(02) 820-5583 (Office) E-mail Address:choilee @ cau. ac. kr Eclasshttp:// eclass. cau. ac. kr - Office Hours:W: 3-4pm - Course Description International Business Management course is designed to assist students in understanding the global environment in which international business takes place, as well as the role and behavior of the international firm as it responds to the environment. The course aims to provide students with the knowledge, skills and sensitivities that help them manage business operations more proactively in the turbulent international environment. This will be achieved through lectures, class discussions, and cases. Because this course is a combination of lectures and business cases, strong student participation in the class discussion is required. Course Learning Objectives 1. Define international business and discuss how it differs from domestic business. 2. Define and discuss key terms and concepts related to international business. 3. Acquire a basic understanding of the structure of the global economy and the perspectives of various actors in the global economy. 4. Make well-reasoned suggestions about how to address many of the challenges and opportunities likely to arise in international business. For example, students would be expected to knowledgeably discuss the pros and cons of particular ways of entering national markets, of managing foreign exchange risk, and of selecting members for cross-cultural teams. Other issues students will be expected to learn about are outlined in this syllabus and will be addressed as the course progresses. 5. Knowledgeably discuss some of the key public policy, ethical, and environmental issues that are typically connected to international business. 6. In addition, by following through on course requirements you will have improved your written and oral communication skills and your ability to work in teams. You will also have opportunities to become more proficient in using the Internet for research. Required Text and Materials 1. Case amp; Reading Packet Class Procedures (Method of Instruction) The content of this course will be conveyed through a mix of lectures, discussions, and cases. Each approach in the mix is designed to develop and elaborate on the content of the assigned readings. Class meetings will encourage student participation. As such, students are expected: to knowledgeably discuss the assigned readings to raise questions they may have about assigned readings to participate in the class and case discussions You will be required to study the assigned readings and to present your analysis and insights to other members of the class. I do expect students to show a good grasp of the concepts and issues addressed in this course and their relevance to managers of international businesses. To that end, it would be advisable to take notes in class, but, in your reading and in the lectures and discussions try to concentrate on issues, trends and relationships rather than on memorizing definitions and statistics. Evaluation Students are expected to attend classes regularly since constant attendance offers the best opportunity to master the course material and contribute to classroom discussions. Any student who misses a class is responsible for obtaining notes from a classmate regarding any changes in assignment, exam dates, and materials covered in class discussion. Grading breakdown is as follows: 1. Mid-term Exam 25 % 2. Final Exam 30 % 3. Case presentation (in teams) 30 % 4. Quiz 15 % ____________________________________________________________ _____ Total100% Case Analysis for Group Presentation Because international management is a multidimensional challenge, we will make extensive use of case studies during the course. Each case will be presented by a team that consists of 4 to 6 members. The team presentation will be 40 minutes in length and every member in the team should participate in the presentation. Before presentation, the team has to submit PowerPoint slides on the case it analyzed and presented. Many of you may not be familiar with case analysis, so the following comments are offered as a guide. Identify the problem: identify a particular challenge presented in the case and address your comments to a particular problem. This is an important step. The value of the remainder of your analysis hinges on identifying an important problem. 2. Offer solutions to the problem: draw from the case a set of feasible solutions. This step helps to limit your analysis to a finite set of choices. 3. Develop criteria for solving the problem: from the case material, state your approach to solving the problem. What are the relevant considerations? How do you choose among the alternative solutions? This step allows you to demonstrate your ability to critically analyze the solution. Apply the criteria to the offered solutions: in a straightforward manner, develop a ranking of the offered solutions. Make your recommendation: your ranking will reveal a first best solution. State what conditions your solution depends on, and perhaps offer comments as to how this solution can be implemented. Case Presentation Grading: case presentations and written reports will be graded on a 100-point scale. More points will be given to case analyses that demonstrated an understanding of a fundamental challenge in the case, and present a persuasive argument for your proposed solution. Closing Note: The timetable and any other sections of this syllabus are subject to change and improvement as the course unfolds. SCHEDULE OF CLASSES AND ASSIGNMENTS ( FALL 2010 ) WEEK| DATE| TOPIC| READING ASSIGNMENT| 1| Sep. 1| Course Introduction| Class Orientation| Sep. 6| Case Study| Three Case Presentation| 2| Sep. 8| Foreign Market Entry| ? : (55? )* Liability of Foreignness* Competitive Advantage (Firm-specific Advantage)| | Sep. 13| Foreign Market Entry| ? : (55? )* Liability of Foreignness* Competitive Advantage (Firm-specific Advantage)| 3| Sep. 15| Foreign Market Entry| ? : - * How Is the Firm’s Competitive Advantage Created? * Article: Competitive Advantage of Nations †“ Michael Porter| | Sep. 20| Foreign Market Entry| ? : - * How Is the Firm’s Competitive Advantage Created? | 4| Sep 27| Foreign Market Entry| ? Entry Mode/ Entry Timing| | Sep 29| ( I )Int’l Business Environment| ? Understanding MNCs (Who is us? ), | 5| Oct. 4| ( I ) Int’l Business Environment| ? Globalization| | Oct. 6| ( I )Int’l Business Environment | ? Localization/ Regionalization| 6| Oct. 11| ( II )Int’l Financial Environment | ? Economic Exchange Rate Terminology (Exchange Rate, Appreciation/Depreciation) –| | Oct. 13| ( II )Int’l Financial Environment| ? Economic Exchange Rate Terminology (Exchange Rate, Appreciation/Depreciation) –| 7| Oct. 18| ( II )Int’l Financial Environment| ? Sources of US Dollar supply and demand- Chapter 7| | Oct. 20| Mid-term Exam| | 8| Oct. 25| Mid-term Exam| | | Oct. 27| | *Time for Group Meetings amp; Instructor Consultations onAssigned Cases| 9| Nov. 1| | *Time for Group Meetings amp; Instructor Consultations onAssigned Cases| | Nov. 3| Case Study| (1) Clearwater Seafoods| 10| Nov. 8| Case Study| (2) Splash Corporation(A): Competing with the Big Brands| | Nov. 0| Case Study| (3) Splash: Ready to Make Waves| 11| Nov. 15| Case Study| (4) ACH Challenge 1: Entering International Trade| | Nov. 17| Case Study| (5) Netcare’s International Expansion| 12| Nov. 22| Case Study| (6) Ribe Maskinfabrik A/S: Dveloping New Business Areas| | Nov. 24| Case Study| (7) Lundbeck Korea| 13| Nov. 29| Case Study| (8) Eli Lilly in India| | Dec. 1| Case Study| (9) Camron Auto Parts| 14| Dec. 6| Case Study| (1 0) Wil-Mor Tech| | Dec. 8| Case Study| (11) Carrefour China| 15| Dec. 13| | Reading Day| | Dec. 15| Final Exam| | 16| Dec. 20| Final Exam| | | | | |Ã'„

Write two paragraphs, each about 150 words, which present an extended Essay - 1

Write two paragraphs, each about 150 words, which present an extended definition of Jim Crow 1.0 and Jim Crow 2.0. AKA The New Jim Crow - Essay Example Under these laws, the public places or the public assets of the United States were segregated between the African Americans and the White Americans. These laws were created to promote equal treatment of the African Americans, but the public assets that were allowed to be accessed by the African Americans were quite inferior to the ones that were allocated to the White Americans. Jim Crow 2.0 is the word used to refer to a book called New Jim Crow that was authored by Michelle Alexander during the period of 2010. The book is called Jim Crow 2.0 in order to differentiate from the Jim Crow laws of 1890s which are referred to as Jim Crow 1.0. The book called Jim Crow 2.0 was authored with the purpose of informing the society that things have not changed in the American society and the African Americans are still treated almost the same way they were treated under the Jim Crow Laws. The book proposes that institutional discrimination still exists in the American society but it has taken a much subtle form. The book argues that previously laws were created to explicitly discriminate against the African Americans. Now there are no such laws, but the practices of these institutions is still the same. For example: the African American members of the American society are quite commonly labeled as criminals and due to this they have access to inferior quality of housi ng, employment opportunities and other opportunities as compared to the White Americans of the society (Cflj.org

An Historical Perspective on the Value of Wealth Essay

An Historical Perspective on the Value of Wealth - Essay Example Three prominent figures from the late 19th century were Andrew Carnegie, Booker T. Washington, and Ida Tarbell. This small group was made up of a business titan, an ex-slave and a female journalist. They were of vastly diverse backgrounds and yet all shared the common thread of being almost obsessed with the idea of wealth. All for different reasons, yet sharing some common motives. Washington, born into slavery, had worked his way up through sweat and diligence. He was a college graduate, prominent figure, and believed in the accumulation of wealth as a means to elevate your position in society. He was willing to compromise freedoms to attain modest material wealth in the notion that even modest wealth would bring greater power than social activism. He had understood the difference between rich and poor and had made a conscious plan to narrow the gap. While Washington respected the gaining of modest wealth as a means to power, Carnegie was the image of the man who collected wealth for what the wealth could do for others. He realized early in life that wealth was not an end to itself. He understood that wealth was not happiness and it was meant to be given away for public good.1 Washington and Carnegie both understood the difference between poor and rich. ... Ida Tarbell, a female journalist, took a more disparaging view of wealth as well as poverty. Though Tarbell was not a vocal advocate of women's issues, her notoriety in the field of writing and broadcasting would elevate her to prominence and pave the way for future generations of women seeking careers. Yet, she did not work to accumulate wealth. She saw wealth as concentrated in too few hands while poverty flourished. She had no attraction to wealth or money except in the capacity it had to solve hunger or suffering. She viewed a woman's right and ability to attain a factory job as a matter of gaining equal access and being recognized as more than a housewife. The opportunity to make money or prosper was not an influence in her thinking. In an undated essay she states "It is with her a question of self-respect, a question of freedom, a question of opportunity to advance, to take and make a place for herself in the community."3 To Tarbell, the pursuance of wealth was simply a by-prod uct of her quest for equality and liberation. To Washington it was a means to liberation. Carnegie, already liberated through the power of wealth, viewed it as a means to help mankind. While Carnegie was becoming the richest man in the world, Tarbell was taking journalistic aim at the class that he represented. Tarbell professed that wealth would do more good to solve social ills than in the hands of so few industrialists. Tarbell loathed wealth, considered it excessive greed and wondered how much does one man need. The best description of Tarbell's view of wealth comes from her own words: "For what then Why this relentless, cruel, insistent accumulation of money when you are already buried in

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

International Relations - Essay Example The world community is quite skeptical of this stance taken by the regime as they see the program as a chance for the current regime to make a nuclear weapon. This situation would certainly cause a stir in the region due to the unstable relationship that Iran has with neighboring countries such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia and others (Bruno, Irans Nuclear Program, 2010). Iran’s nuclear program has caused a lot of hue and cry over the few years that it became common knowledge that Tehran was working on the program. Many resent the thought of Tehran having the potential of enriching nuclear material and using it either for energy purposes or for weapons as something unacceptable and dangerous. Even the Arab nations, though in the front portraying a show of support, are in the background somewhat skeptical of the program. In a meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council in November of 2005 the leaders of several Arab nations, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, made a statement inviting the world nations to prevent he program taking off. The Secretary General in a statement claimed that the program had no justification for it and it was for the better that the Middle East be a weapons free zone with regards to weapons of mass destruction (KHAITOUS, 2008). There are a number of clear cut reasons why there needs to be concern over Iran’s nuclear program over that of France and Great Britain. Those two nations have their nuclear program off the ground and have managed to secure their facilities, as best as one can in this current global situation. Iran’s nuclear facilities are still in the preliminary stages with respect to the other nuclear programs operating in the world. A major concern are the Muslim extremists in the nation who are a threat to the world security. There are serious doubts as to how safe the nuclear material will be in Iran and whether Muslim extremists can get their hands on

Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay Example for Free

Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay The financial marketplace is the area where companies engaged in financial trading are able to get capital to run. The financial market can also be referred to as capital markets. Stock markets are the place where companies come to trade among themselves; they represent individual investors or corporate investors. Trade in stocks has been deemed among the most lucrative areas a person can trade in; the returns are good. Stocks can simply be defined as shares bought for trading purposes and profits gained are ploughed back into the U. S. economy. (Saccomani and Chambers, 2008) Trade in U.S. financial markets offer various benefits; an organization can get loans to fund their activities through floating of bonds. When organizations are able to run efficiently then everybody gets to benefit, the government benefits through increased tax collection and more people get employed. The stock market offer individuals an avenue to put their money in lucrative stock instruments where the funds are managed by financial experts. Individuals do not have to worry about their limited financial expertise because at the stock markets well informed brokers or their employees will help them. Individuals are offered a variety of trading avenues which involves minimal labor and less capital intensive. (Saccomani and Chambers, 2008) The Federal Reserve is a name that is used to define the Central Bank in America. The bank was a creation of U.S. Congress for purpose of offering a safer and easier trading environment in America. The Fed is tasked with the management of the American monetary policy. They also regulate banks as well as monitoring risks at the stock markets. The Fed is comprised of seven members; who constitute the board of governors. Members of the board also constitute the F.O.M.C. (Federal Open Markets Committee); this committee decides on what interest rates to be charged by banks as well as purchase of treasuries. The Fed`s primary role is that of regulation. (Ltaifa et al, 2009) The Fed chairman`s role is that of a supervisor; he is tasked with the role of bringing the board to consensus of various monetary issues. The chairman is a presidential appointee hence he reports to the president from time to time on the country`s financial matters. The chairman also has the responsibility of steering the committee on interest rates. (Ltaifa et al, 2009) Departments or components of the Fed Reserve need to play their respective roles effectively so as to take the country in to financial success. The chairman should always maintain a steady control of all fiscal policies. The board should not enact self-centered policies that may endanger the banking sector or stock markets. The board and the chairman have to make prudent assessments of U.S. financial performance before taking any steps meant at changing any monetary policy. Interest rates affect the economy; particularly the spending power of individuals. The rates charged on bank loans lays a heavy burden on citizens; the net effect is loans become expensive hence doing business becomes harder. Higher interest rates on returns at the stock markets offer a reversed effect to the citizen; this brings about more disposable income because the return on investment is higher. (Batten and Szilagvi, 2011) The world suffers when markets get affected by whatever elements; this happens because the various economies around the world are interconnected hence any financial downfall of one will weaken the other. The Euro zone crisis is one such example where a problem begins in one country but after sometime affects a number of countries within same geographical location; countries that trade together. In the U.S. such a crisis occurred between 2007-2010, individuals found themselves not being able to finance their loans and other credit obligations. Care and keenness is needed when one wishes to traverse this terrain. References Saccomanni, F., Chambers, A. (2008).  Managing international financial instability: National tamers versus global tigers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Ltaifa, Navil Ben, Kaendera, Stella, Dixit, S. V. S. (2009).  Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Exchange Rates and Policies in Sub-saharan Africa. Intl Monetary Fund. Batten, J., Szilagyi, P. G. (2011).  The impact of the global financial crisis on emerging financial markets. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Source document

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay Singapore is an island and urban city state with no rural hinterland and hence, it has been depending on Malaysia for nearly forty percent or more of its water supply. However, Singapore is not short of fresh water as it receives an average of around 2,400 mm of rainfall annually. The only constraint faced by the country is capturing and storing as much of this rainfall as possible, on limited amounts of land areas, so as to achieve self-efficiency in water issues. Recycling efforts in Singapore started in 1966 when the Jurong Industrial Water Treatment Plant was commissioned to supply industrial water to the Jurong Industrial Estate (JIE). This water comes from treated sewerage effluent and is meant for industrial use in the Jurong area as well as by several oil refineries. The Singapore government encourages industry and private enterprises to recycle water. Also, tax rebates have been provided for factories that install water-saving plants. Bottles of NEWater Singapore has also developed NEWater, a three-stage process which brings waste-water to a quality that is better than that produced by the Public Utilities Board (PUB). Treatment begins with Microfiltration to remove suspended solids, colloidal particles, bacteria and viruses. The next process is Reverse Osmosis, which involves applying of pressure for water to flow from the concentrated side to the less concentrated side through a semi-permeable membrane to remove inorganics like heavy metals, such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate etc. The third process, Ultra-violet disinfection, is a safety back-up to remove any bacteria or viruses that cannot be removed by Reserve Osmosis. Desalination is a process of removing excess salt from water (eg. seawater) to enable it for drinking purposes. It has been used to augment water for some time, but it was not adopted as a matter of policy until recent years. This method is considered successful, as this source of supply produce 12% of Singapores daily water needs. Although desalination costs under current improved technology are higher than traditional means of treatment, Singapore has decided to go ahead in the belief that new technologies will reduce the costs further. 3. Impoundments and reservoirs Singapore has several impounding reservoirs inland including Seletar, Peirce and MacRitchie etc. To increase storage capacity, seven reservoirs have been developed by damming the river mouths. It was in that context that a plan to maximise collection of surface resources by extending the present 24.3 square miles of collection grounds to 156 square miles (about 75% of the islands total area) was proposed. However, geological conditions limited the availability of groundwater, hence the plan focused on retrieval of stormwater and water recycling instead. Another reservoir which was built in the recent years was Marina Barrage, which was officially opened on 30th October 2008. Marina Barrage is a dam built across the Marina Channel. Water flows into the reservoir from some of Singapores most well-known waterways, including the Singapore River, Stamford Canal, Rochor Canal, Geylang River and the countrys longest river, Kallang River. Marina Barrage was envisioned by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987, after the great clean-up of the Singapore and Kallang Rivers. Building the barrage on the soft sea bed amidst changing currents and constantly moving marine traffic was a major challenge. From the air, the pump house of the barrage looks like that number 9, which signifies longevity in Chinese. This major engineering achievement is symbolic of Singapores development as a City of Gardens and Water. How Marina Barrage works? The Barrage acts as a physical barrier to separate the reservoir from the sea. The steel crest gates of the Barrage will act as a tidal barrier to keep the high tides out. Under normal conditions, the crest gates will remain in an upright position to isolate the reservoir from the sea. During heavy rains that collide with low tide, the steel crest will be lowered to release excess storm water into the sea. During heavy rains that collide with high tide, the steel crest gates remain erect, hence storm water cannot flow out to sea naturally. Instead, large drainage pumps will be operated to pump water out to sea. With the Barrage in place, the pockets of low-lying areas in the city will no longer be prone to flooding. 4. Stormwater run-off Harnessing stormwater at minimum cost requires proper land-use planning and pollution control to ensure that stormwater run-off can be efficiently collected and that pollution levels are low. Stormwater harvesting from urban land was consistent with the overall policy of land use in this land-scarce republic, in which land was seen as too valuable for its use to be restricted to a single purpose such as for housing. In the words of the Minister for National Development: If we designate more land for water catchments, there will be less land for housing and other developments. The reverse is also true. Optimising and maximising the use of land and water helped the country to overcome constraints to a certain extent. (Adapted from: The Straits Times,1996) Singapore was the first country in South-East Asia (SEA) to develop viable stormwater run-off schemes. Among the various schemes, the Bedok and Lower Seletar Schemes are the largest. Surface water for these schemes comes mainly from the housing estates and new towns of Ang Mo Kio, Bedok, Tampines and Yishun and the area near Changi International Airport. Water is conveyed to the storage reservoirs of Bedok and Lower Seletar. One important feature of this scheme is the emphasis on close co-ordination between several agencies, such as the Housing Board Development (HDB), the Ministry of the Environment (ENV) and the Planning Department, in order to ensure that water collected from urban surfaces is low in pollutants. In addition, the drainage system designed in such a way that it channels water through concrete channels to suitable collection ponds situated at topographic low points. An automatic monitoring system ensures that only discharges produced by heavy storms resulting in run-o ff above a certain volume are collected. One example of the innovative approach to stormwater collection is making use of the empty space under the interchange of the Seletar and Bukit Timah expressways for a water collection pond. 5. Conservation of water In addition to developing and diversifying water resources, water conservation is also key to ensuring a sustainable water supply. Through our various water conservation initiatives, Singapore has managed to reduce domestic water consumption from 172 litres per capita per day in 1995 to 157 litres in 2007.(Adapted from Conserve, Values and Enjoy by Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 08 July 2008) It is a difficult task to keep looking for new sources of water, but the situation can be improved if we can control our ever-increasing demand of water. To provide water for all, PUB calls on all Singaporean to play our part in water conservation and to keep our water catchments and waterways clean so that we can enjoy our water resources. One way to discourage excessive use of water is to impose water conservation tax on the amount of water used. This additional tax is added to the price of the water consumed by households and varies according to the amount of water they use. A household that consumes more water will pay higher taxes compared to household that used less water. Additionally, there are varieties of activities organised to teach Singaporeans to view water as a scarce and precious resource, and to use it wisely. Water conservation talks are conducted in schools and leaflets on water conservation are distributed to households. Water-rationing exercises, where the supply of water to some homes is temporarily cut off, are also carried out in housing estates. Effectiveness of the solutions implemented by government So far, Singapore has been able to tackle the problem of a limited supply of fresh water with the introduction of water reclamation, desalination of sea water and impoundments. Technological innovations in modern society have enabled us to have larger catchment areas, to build dams and to obtain fresh water from sea water and used water. Policies aimed at water conservation have also produced certain positive results. Based on the research conducted by the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the domestic water use per person has generally fallen between 1995 and 2007, from 172 litres per day to 157 litres per day. This means that Singaporeans are more aware of the challenge they are to face nowadays. Introduction of water conservation taxes and activities about water conservation also help to spread awareness about the importance of water conservation. Recommendations regarding the current policies from our committee Government can introduce fine of a certain amount of money for over-usage of water. This means that if the households use unusually large amount of water every months, the government could send down the letters to inform them that they have used too much water compared with the national average, and they should manage their usage well from now on or the authority would have to take action in order to save water. In case if the household owners do not take mind of the warnings, they would be fined. Similarly, households have done well in controlling the water usages should be rewards for their effort put in. For example, tax-relief can be introduced to residents who use water-saving devices at home. Measures like this can encourage the people to install water-saving devices in their houses, hence the overall usage of water would gradually drop to an acceptable level, and the people can be satisfied with rewards given by government for their well-being as the citizens. Examples of water-saving devices: Shower head Water-saving tap Toilet stop Such water-saving devices help reduces water usage at our homes. We uses 9 litres of water whenever we flush the toilet. A toilet stop can be used to cut down the usage of 9 litres. It is added to the toilet flushing mechanism to stop the flushing when the handle is released. Thus if used wisely it allows people to save up to 20% of their total water bill.